The Role And Importance Of The Sun Philosophy Essay

The Role And Importance Of The Sun Philosophy Essay We know that the sun is very important to us but the main question is why. We all understand that the sun supplies Earth with never ending energy that we use in multiple ways. The energy comes in as heat and light and we transform the energy in different ways to create electricity. But how is the energy created and how it gets to Earth? The formation of suns energy lies within its core and radiates outward and travels out to Earth and the rest of the solar system. Our sun is the central part of our solar system; if the sun didnt exist several things wouldnt occur: the process of photosynthesis would not take place, oxygen cannot be created, therefore, life cannot be present. The sun and its sunlight give us access to many resources. Sunlight helps the plants produce oxygen and overtime create fossil fuels. The importance of the sun is both positive and negative, the more we study and understand the sun we learn to advance our society. The suns positive effects help us find and progre ss ways to gain renewable resources, such as creating wind power, dams and solar energy. The negative effects of the sun include climate changes and damaging of the ozone, and harmful effects on humans that result in sunburn, eye damage, and damaging of the skin: skin cancer and premature aging. The sun produces two different Ultraviolet Radiations (UV rays), UVA and UVB. The sun effects earth in many ways to carry on life and thats why it is very important. It gives us the privilege to energy: heat and light, oxygen, water, electricity, and many more. Its truly amazing how this star of gas can create many things to save our lifes and it is important that we understand the reasons why, and not always take it for granted. Who knows scientist say that after another 5 billion years there may not be a sun anymore. The sun plays the most essential role for all living species on Earth, without the sun there would be no existence of life on Earth. Without the sun what would happen to Earth? What will happen to the rest of the Solar System? The questions are important to know and answer. The sun is important in many ways, not only does the sun provides Earth with heat and light, it gives us various things that allow us to live. The understanding of how the sun works, and provides Earth with so many different resources that is significant in our everyday lives. The sun supplies energy through heat and gives Earth light, it is the number one reason we are alive because it helps create oxygen, in which we breathe in order to live. The importance of the all the things the sun offers Earth are positive and negative. Almost all of the energy used on the Earth comes originally from the sun. Astronomers studied the sun in several ways, understanding its functions and applying it to our world today. The st udy of the sun has led us to many understandings in science and advanced us in technology development. The more we understand the sun the more appreciative we become. It is believed that the sun is 5 billion years old star; it formed when gravity drew together an enormous cloud of gas and dust. This gravitational pull released energy and heated the Sun. The sun is huge and has a continuous release of energy; Earth only receives a small portion of that energy. The suns energy is produced by hydrogen fusion which is the sequence of thermonuclear reactions in which four hydrogen nuclei combine to produce a single helium nucleus. This fusion process in the sun is known as the proton-proton chain. (Cooke, 1985) Today, the sun still consists of mostly hydrogen. This means that the fuel supply which has burned through the first 5 billion years should be good enough for another 5 billion for the future. Fusion is the energy source that can only provide this energy rate for more than 5 billion years. Fusion requires high temperatures and high pressure to begin and carry out the process. Energy is transferred in the sun, through gamma rays photons that are produced by fusion in the core. Then energy is carried away from the suns core by radiative diffusion and convection. Radiative diffusion is the energy that is transported by photons flowing from hot, bright regions to cold, dark regions. Convection zone is farther away from the core of the sun. The Convection zone carries energy up to the surface. It allows hot fluids rise and the cold fluids to sink, overturning and bubbling like a boiling pot of water. The photosphere is heated and light is released from the sun; it takes about 1 million years for the light to be released and 8 minutes for that light to reach Earth. Earth receives Light and heat created by the sun. Starting from outside of earth and in our solar system, the sun already begins to have a very important position. Everything in our solar system orbits the sun. If that sun were not to exist, all the planets would have nothing to orbit around. But if there was no sun, nothing would keep all the planets in orbit. It is the gravity of the sun allows pulls all the planets in its orbit. The same as the moon orbiting the Earth, the moon is pulled in Earths orbit. Earth travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun because the velocity of Earth moves in a perpendicular path due to the force of the suns pull. If the sun wasnt present, Earth would travel in a straight line. (Jordan, 2003) Due to the presents sun and its gravity, it causes Earth to travel around the sun, in almost a circle. Without the sun the Earth will be dark, and cold. We wouldnt be able to even survive in extremely freezing weather and permanent darkness. As we know the sun produces light and heat, these two products are very essential to Earth in several ways. The sun helps produce a significant product for all life to occur, oxygen. Without sunlight green plants cannot exist because the process of photosynthesis cannot occur. Photosynthesis is a chemical process which water and carbon dioxide combine together (only in the presence of both sunlight and chlorophyll the chemical that makes the leaves in plants green) to produce glucose and oxygen. (Perles, 2011) Plants take in sunlight, convert it to food to live on, and grow. During the process that plants convert the sunlight to food, plants release oxygen, in which we breathe. If there were to be no existence of sunlight, then the process of photosynthesis cannot take place. Plants could not produce energy for them to survive, which means they c annot produce oxygen and they would disappear. Not only would plants disappear but people and animals would also vanish, because they depend on green plants for food and oxygen to breathe. A simple way to put it is, the food chain begins with plants to animals to humans and without the process of photosynthesis there could be no life on Earth. The sunlight did more than just allow plants to drive out the process of photosynthesis. But after the plants decay and millions and millions of years pass, buried under the ground is their decomposed organic materials: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. (Perles, 2011) Sunlight is a major factor for fossil fuels. The sunlight allowed us to have access to fossil fuels that are very important in our everyday life; we use fossil fuels as one of our energy sources. As we discovered the importance of the sun to the Earth, yet the effects that the sun creates on Earth are both positive and negative. Some positive features of the sun are mainly from its release of energy. The sun is the starting point of the water cycle. The sun heats Earths water bodies (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers) and that causes the water to evaporate. The water vapor transforms into clouds (condensation), and then the water descend from the clouds as precipitation and back into the bodies of water or on land and the cycle starts over again. Another positive result we gain from the sun is wind; wind is created through the method when sunlight heats the bodies of water and land. Earths atmosphere also heats, the warm air rises and the cool air moves to replace the rising warm air. During this transition of warm and cool are is what makes the wind blow. (Stern, 2004) Understanding and studying the sun in its production of wind and water helped us advance in new technology. Through studies of the wind and how it is created by the sun, studies lead us to use the wind to generate electricity to use. Wind is classified as a solar energy and is a renewable resource, because it is ever ending. Wind power or wind energy is the conversion of wind into mechanical or electrical power. Wind turbines is the system that runs the technology, giant windmill devices that are placed in windy locations called wind farms. (EPA, 2010) The turbines twirl and as the wind blows and creates electricity that power generators and produces electrical power. Two other forms of technology that creates electrical power are dams and solar cells. Dams or hydropower is another renewable energy source. Hydropower is the renewable energy source that produces the most electricity in the United States.(EPA, 2010) Hydropower depends on the water cycle that the sun carries through. Th e energy is carried in the flow of water in the river. Water is carried through pipes (penstocks) and then pushed up against a blade of a turbine that turns and spins a generator to produce electricity. The sunlight can be transformed to electricity directly by using photovoltaic cells (solar cells). Photovoltaic cells are electrical devices that convert energy in the sunlight directly into electricity at the atomic level. (Stern, 2004) This is a newer form technology that is advancing our lives today. Photovoltaic cells are used for solar heating on houses. They are placed on the roof of the home to heat the home and water. More recent technology that is becoming very popular is electric cars. Photovoltaic cells are advancing our world because it helps reduce the use of our non-renewable resources. Aside from all the positive results of the sun, the sun has many negative results on Earth. Studies show that the sun is the cause of climate change and some damage of the ozone. Both activities of humans that take place on Earth and the solar output from the sun are found to cause climate change. (Danny, 2008) The sun is massive and powerful, both the pollution and gasses released from the people and the power of the sun created a large hole in the ozone layer. In the past half century climate temperatures have gone up in result of this. Climate will change due to the damage the sun is causing to the ozone, the temperatures on Earth will continue to rise and natural disasters will become stronger. The sun negatively on the humans too, giving them sunburns, eye damage, and damaging the skin leading to skin cancer and premature aging. Ultraviolet Radiation (UV rays) is the light that is projected by the sun; the UV rays are what is responsible for the sunburns, skin cancer and eye damage. The atmosphere is responsible for determining the amount of UV light that is received. There are two types of UV rays that are projected by the sun. UVA rays are less harmful rays but they are not absorbed by the ozone layer. These rays are long wavelengths that cause skin tan, and age prematurely. They are dangerous because they penetrate deep into the skin. UVB rays are more severe than UVA rays, even though these rays are partly absorbed by the ozone layer. They cause sunburn. Overtime the more exposure to these rays cause skin cancer. The light from the rays damages the DNA of the skin cells, which disables the cells from making proteins. (Mazzucco, 2006) Ultimately the DNA transforms compl etely, the new DNA is duplicated and causes cancer. UVB rays also help your body create vitamin D, which is important because it helps keep bones from becoming fragile. Even though vitamin D is in some foods, vitamin D from the sun is quicker and efficient for the body. Moreover the fact that vitamin D is produced by the sun and our bodies need it, the risks that lie in the rays of the sun are hazardous. Our exposure to the sun needs to be monitored to save our health. The sun is a powerful and prominent star in our solar system. The sun does so much for Earth; life cannot carry on without it. The sun provides us with so much and the more we understand the sun the more we are able to advance from our findings. We are able progress in our society and live better lives as we know where to use our resources. As time proceeds, we may find findings to overcome the negative effects of the sun. The more we learn about our brilliant sun we also learn to be grateful for it more and not to always take it for granted, because in about 5 billion years it is presumed that the sun will die and Earth will no longer live.

The Declaration of Independence: A Closer Look Essay example -- essay

In What Did the Declaration Declare?, Joseph J. Ellis, an editor for history publications presents various historical perceptions on the analytical conception of this mythic text of American public life. The Declaration of Independence has enjoyed a long and useful career as an expression of "natural rights," providing Americans with an influential statement of their national doctrine. Thomas Jefferson had no reason to believe that he was writing a document that would become so revered throughout the ages. One may confirm the Declaration’s idealistic origins by examining Carl Becker’s enduring argument that the Declaration was an American product of the doctrines of John Locke. The Declaration was composed for a specific purpose. The members of the Continental Congress were more preoccupied with handling pressing military matters and meeting with delegates in the separate colonies, who were busy drafting and debating new state constitutions. This book by Elli s also provides a general, philosophical justification for revolution based on the colonist’s growing feeling of entitlement of Lockean rights. The colonists attitude about rights is illustrated in the statement â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed† (Ellis 15). These words, taken from the Declaration of Independence, are the most influential in our country’s political culture, even today. This document was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. Today, it is read and analyzed constantly in not just America, but all over the world as well. Granted, it was based on gaining Independence from the British Crown’s rule, but its contents still holds true even today. It gives strength to the â€Å"underdog† in society to know even his government believes he is created equal. It puts fear into the soul of an y to-be tyrant, letting him know—we will not stand back and allow you to bully us. It also makes it quite clear that if the people do not find solace in the government, if they are bullied and persecuted consistently by this government, then they have the right to overthrow the oppressors and again, start ane... ...e colonists frustration with Britain; it was in actuality a â€Å"public confession of treason† which meant death and confiscation of estate for one found guilty (Ellis 104) at that time. If one really thinks about it, the men who signed the Declaration risked loosing the very rights stated in the document. The document stated that their creator had given life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They risked their lives, freedom and property to gain independence from the Crown and to have freedoms of their own. These freedoms included, freedom to run their own country as they saw fit, freedom to live life in the manner they chose, freedom to form their own laws and regulations, and many more. Men, who risked death for treason in writing it, wrote this Declaration, and because of them we all enjoy our freedom and ability to have choices. The document not only played a role in gaining independence from Great Britain, but it played a role in the abolition of slavery, in eq ual rights for African-Americans and women, and many more. We should all be proud of the Declaration. It is a document the United States formed on and its contents definitely hold true value even today more than ever.

Solutions to School Violence :: School Violence Essays

Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. This has caused many problems among students, families, faculty of schools, and residents of the areas. However, there are many possible ways we can stop all this violence in schools. Almost three-fourths of the United States teens are afraid of violent crime amongst their peers (Apfel 23). Violence in schools has become a big problem in todays society. With all the people being injured or killed in schools by guns and other weapons, more and more people are getting more weapons to bring in to schools. Nearly half of all males and one-third of all students including females said they could easily obtain a handgun if they wanted to (Glazer 14). The cause of violence can be blamed on many things but 1 mainly. And that one thing is drugs and gangs. Now that more people are selling and buying drugs, people are making money to buy weapons. Gangs, since they came around violence have been increasing steadily. The spread of gangs and drugs has also been implicated in the increasing violence of school youths (Glazer 14). Experts have also said that most violent conflicts among school-age children can be traced back to long- simmering disputes (Apfel 21). Carrying guns and other weapons around schools is becoming more and more popular all around the world. People think that carrying guns around schools with them will make them cool or fit in with other people like themselves. They're wrong. More and more people who are carrying guns around schools today are getting caught and having them taken away. Since schools have gotten metal detectors and scanners, they have cut down the rate of having handguns in schools by nearly 58%(Glazer 5). Security experts have reported that there is no evidence that a metal detector will solve the problem of violence in schools, even though it offers a highly visible symbol to the community (Apfel 22). Even if the schools with all the gun violence in their schools do put in metal detectors at the front entrances of schools, their are many ways kids can sneak in weapons t o school. In 1990 congress made it a felony to bring a gun within one thousand feet of any school under the "Gun-Free School Zones" provision of the 1990 crime prevention package. This law wont help very much because of the fact that students can sneak in weapons through bathroom windows, or an unguarded entrance during recess (Glazer 6).

Nike Case Study Essay

The Nike Sweatshop DebateShould Nike be held responsible for working conditions in foreign factories that it does not own, but where subcontractors make products for Nike?Nike is definitely not only responsible but also accountable for the working conditions of foreign factories that it does not own which it subcontracts with. Nike should have taken the initiative to be responsible of the contractors/employees working in other countries on a global scale. For example: Recently, Pepsi Cola was in the news for allegations of having pesticides in their drink products in India. Pepsi ensured that it was not just meeting standards in the Indian Market, but has the same standards of water purification across the world. Pepsi was found in a similar situation such as Nike, they should have realized that even though they were getting cheap labor in other countries that they needed to be socially responsible to ensure that the workers get minimum wages and work in conditions that are acceptabl e on a global scale. What labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, and the like should Nike hold foreign factories to: those prevailing in that country, or those prevailing in the United States?Nike needs to adopt a policy for its overseas operations which will allow them to enjoy the cost advantages that they are realizing by off shoring manufacturing of shoes, yet which will give them the integrity of being a humanitarian company. For example, if Nike adopts the normal standards in the country of manufacturing then it is not able to comply with some of the human rights related issues that global organizations should comply with. Thus, it is very important that Nike adopts a series of standards that ensures that workers get at least the minimum wages in the respective country but the working conditions should be acceptable enough for workers to work and the minimum age limit of workers should also be enforced strictly. An income of $2.28 a day, the base pay of Nike Factory workers in Indonesia, is double the daily income of about half the working population. Half of all adults in Indonesia are farmers, who receive less than $1 a day. Given this, is it correct to criticize Nike for the low pay rates of its subcontractors in Indonesia?Each country has their own which is regulated by the labor laws in each country. Daily rates are different according to the skill of  workers, type of city the worker lives and works in and the prices of essential commodities in the city and state. For example, the daily wage of workers in factories manufacturing Nike shoes may be higher than farmers in the same city and or state. If Nike’s contractors are not abiding by the minimum wage regulations for the type of skill and working conditions in which these workers work in, then Nike should be reprimanded and fined on the global scale. Yet, should Nike’s contractors obey the minimum wage regulations set by the government according to a workers skills and working conditions, then Nike cannot be condemned or criticized and comparing wages of one set of workers with another set of workers would be irrelevant. Could Nike have handled the negative publicity over sweatshops better? What might it have done differently, not just from a public relations perspective, but also from a policy perspective?From a policy perspective, Nike could have handled the negative publicity over sweatshops much better. Nike could have enforced policies for all the contractors who are manufacturing either shoes or apparels for Nike across countries to obey the local rules and also could have created some better policies that would apply to all the factories that manufacture Nike’s products. In a good faith effort, Nike should have published the names of all the contractors across countries that obeyed the local working regulations, conditions and wages. Nike could have demanded that the local labor inspectors in different countries do an audit of their factories on a regular basis to ensure that contractors comply with the local laws in their respective countries so that the people working there would be safe and fairly treated. Do you think Nike needs to make any changes to its current policy? If so what? Should Nike make changes even if they hinder the ability of the company to compete?Nike should adopt policies which work across the globe where their factories and workers are concerned. They need to ensure that all their contractors obey both the wage regulations and local working conditions in all countries. Nike can ensure this either by designating a labor inspector in each of their regions whom will report the details of all the workers working in their factories to a local, regional, national, and international board. This report would be submitted to legal experts at the  country level and worldwide level to ensure that all the laws are in compliance by contractors of Nike. Is the WRC right to argue that the FLA is a tool of industry?Nike factories were found to be incompliant with the WRC as they found some policies which were not being followed in Nike’s factories. WRC give ample time to FLA to see that all Nike factories are compliant with the local labor laws in their countries. WRC should routinely audit some of Nike’s factories which FLA has deemed as compliant with local labor laws to ensure that it is not a tool of the industry. If sweatshops are a global problem, what might be a global solution to this problem?Bottom line is that companies should be held responsible for adhering to local, national, and international laws concerning the working conditions of people across the globe. Next summarize the strategic and operational challenges facing global managers illustrated in your selected case. Also comment on recent global developments affecting the company in this case. Strategic Challenges†¢Identifying low cost countries for cost effectiveness while still adhering to regulations governing working conditions and wages. †¢Ensuring that consumers can get the same quality of product form anywhere across the globe. †¢Letting the world know what the company is doing to ensure that its contractors and subcontractors are compliant with Nike’s policies. Operational Challenges†¢Ensuring the same training and development of employees across regions, nations and the globe. †¢Ensuring that each manufacturing plant has similar working conditions across the globe. †¢Ensuring that every worker receives fair wages across the globe. References Hill, Charles W.L. (2005). International Business: Competing in the global marketplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Environmental issues and economics

Economic growth, unemploy and a better meter of living realize al personal manners been the master(prenominal) objectives on the agenda of economists end-to-end the world. The milieu is and has always been the major attribution to achieving these goals as it is the source of natural resources, many comforts and as a place to floor whatever waste, whenever necessary. Up to the 1960s thither had never been the awargonness of jobs affect the environments role. The cosmos started to grow rapidly since the industrial revolution, offset printing in the west and thusly in the 20th century developing countries followed. straight off the world population is over 6 billion and in relation to the evaluate of scotch growth thither has been a mass of extra pressure post on the environment.Also read this beguiler in a Bottom clientele Economy at that place is a colossal list of issues, disasters and environmental puzzles that bedevil been discover during the last forty days that argon on the constant agenda of the bulk of economists decisions and that argon in desperate subscribe of a solution. Some economists choose to send word the issue altogether, for example the USA who select up only 5% of the population, and contribute to using 25% of the worlds heartiness and produce 22% of the worlds carbonic acid gas. For them to dismiss the all toldegations of their function to damaging the environment is a in truth serious issue as they dis simple machined to cease the growth of their economy i.e. their car market. Their only tastes at solvent this problem are unrealistic and would do itsy-bitsy towards helping the environment.The main issues are the problems make waterd to the environment by global warming, nu egest disasters, urine defilement, intensive farming, the loss of non-renewable sources and of course the cause of it all, rising population.When the environment becomes changed it is collect to a failure of the market (Demand and S upply). That is, as the environmental ill-treat has not been interpreted into account when applying the suppositions of economic growth. This stern for the most part be accounted for by the lack of plaza rights, as on that point is nobody who can take the side of the environment and choose to account those who persecute the sea, air, rainforest etc, so thither is very little make about it. In almost all circumstance it is cheaper for businesses/ firms to pollute the environment than to attempt to clean up the damage they have ca utilise.A good way of analysing the effects of ware on the environment is to consort it on a plat of the fruit possibility curve/ frontier to perceive a range at which there can be production and environmental entertainion.At point Y maximum production and worst environmental conditions.At point Z Environment is thoroughgoing(a) but there is no production at all.At range X There is production andenvironmental protection.There are five m ain aims of governance policy which all contribute to affecting the environment in their own way. integrity of the main objectives of disposal is to r apiece dear employment, which is economically, a very good stupefy to be in for an economy. Full employment can and often does however overstep to much factories, offices, shops, purchased cars, manufactured goods and therefore the manageable loss of countryside which all lead to pollution, over-crowding etc. The same kind of damage is likewise caused by economic growth.A policy set by the political sympathies (especially monetarists) is to fight inflation that ordinarily results in unemployment, which is seen clearly from the Phillips Curve. Targeting and achieving low inflation ordain cut aggregate direct and so the environment actually suffers slight(prenominal) damage. up(p) the balance of payments deficit also contributes to less damage on the environment, as there is again a cut in aggregate demand. The final aim o f governance policy is to redistribute income accordingly to a specific school of thought e.g. 1945-1979 The fat were taxed heavily (income tax) to pay welfare republic (help the poor) which inevitably boosted aggregate demand, harming the environment.Since about 1970 the concept of sustainable development has been more widely discussed. Sustainable development is about economic growth being the cause of damage to the environment. An economist named R.K. Turner once quoted that sustainable development is to leave future generations an metre of wealth, which is at least equal to that contagious by the current generation. docket 21 set up in 1992 was an attempt to solve this world problem for the generations. It was a conference in Rio where all the countries governments agreed to an outline plan to protect the environment, especially global warming. To follow this attempt, a further conference was set up in 1997 in Kyoto. In this conference legally binding targets were introdu ced to reduce carbonic acid gas emissions with the exception of developing countries that were allowed to increase CO2 emissions up to a limit as they industrialise.In set up to apply these single(a) targets set for the environment within a country would have to produce an military rating to establish whether the benefits are greater than the cost to the environment before starting a project. This is done through Cost-Benefit analysis, which is a way in which economists assess the cloak-and-dagger versed be and benefits (relates to the firm/ businesses) and the societal international be and benefits (relates to society). The problems that arise with this method of appraisal though is that it is very subjective and vindicated to wide interpretation, as you cannot value pollution e.g. an eye sore or the gains of a quicker journey to work.Solutions to pollution and former(a) social costs can be approached in two ways, through the private field and the government sector. I ord er to control pollution and social costs in the private sector without the snag of the government, several approaches would exact to be made. attribute rights would need to be extended, the polluters and the pollutee would need to dicker (Coarse Bargaining) about pollution, there faculty need to be a merging amid the polluter and the pollutee so that it would be in the polutees best interest to clean up their act as the social costs would affect their profit levels. There might also have to be whatsoever altruism, which they can use as a marketing strategy.The expenditure mechanism is also a strong solution to solving the problem of losing non-renewable goods e.g. oil. When demand exceeds supply then the prices rise and products like oil are instantly rationed which leaves an incentive to get wind alternatives. Alternatively for some products such as glass, paper, cans etc, it may become more economic to recycle as the prices for these scarce resources rise. However, i.e. w ith bottles, the factories used for recycling pollute the atmosphere as do the lorries collecting the bottles from the bottle lodge as do the cars used by the public to take the bottles to the bank.Should the public sector fail to take these factors into account (market failure), there is a case for government hinderance in order to apply a solution to pollution and other social costs. The government often sets standards as any an outright ban e.g. CFCs or as a partial ban e.g. guide petrol. Other standards are also introduced that are often more difficult to obligate as they are not as in effect(p) as taxes and the government may face possible costs e.g. mot tests.Taxes are deemed as effective and are therefore often imposed in an attempt to internalise external costs. These are effective, as the buyer has to pay the like price for the damage to the environment this is an effective disincentive to buy e.g. VAT and shine duty on petrol.The effect caused by added taxes is in this supply and demand diagramOP (price) & OQ (quantity) do not take damage to the environment into accountAs the taxes are introduced supply shifts to S2 due to the high price change at OP2. Subsequently this makes us aware of the damage caused to the environment and demand contracts to OQ2.The problems that arise however with indirect tax are that the poor are accordingly more affected than the rich are. ace strategy that is now in the reach of being experimented within the USA that requires a combination of both the private and government sector. This involves the issuing of permits to pollute. This allows firms/ businesses to compete amongst themselves afterward the government has set up a structure by which permits are sell for the right to pollute. Over several years the permits are then cut and it is remaining to the private sector companies to compete with each other or to put investment funds into efficient power generators that are more environmentally friendly that r equire less or no need for permits.It is clear that there are many arising environmental issues becoming apparent to the economist throughout the stages of meeting government policies. Despite that there has been noticeable actions taken out since these problems have been discovered, there is still a broad way to go.

Judicial Activism in the Arena of Environmental Law of Bangladesh

AN ASSIGNMENT ON JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN THE ARENA OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF BANGLADESH cocktail dress TopicPage no. 1. Prologue 1 2. juridic bearivism 3 3. discriminative dominance 8 4. residuum betwixt juridical turn of even uptsivism & Judicial parapet 9 5. popular maturement and milieu Context of Bangladesh12 6. Major surroundal youngs facing Bangladesh 14 7. surroundal fair p adjust in the levelheaded governance of Bangladesh 15 8. phylogenesis of Judicial Activism in the surroundal Regime & the ECA 16 9. Administration of surroundal recompenseness The hook Cases23 10. surroundal Nuisance should be mitigate 24 1. salutary to surroundings 24 12. Access to referee hypothesis up the Horizon of verity cheer Litigation (PIL) 25 13. Right to alone in in every(prenominal)(prenominal)iance 25 14. Suo motu Rule against Grabbing disgrace of universal garden 26 15. Protecting River from assault 26 16. Checking Indus examination contaminant 27 17. Vehic ular befoulment to be minify 28 18. Judicial Decisions in the Is gainsay of purlieu of Bangladesh 29 19. Epilogue 91 PrologueThe issue of purlieu befoulment has contract a burning 1 with the sum up of dry land-wide warming finished protrude the spotly world e peculiar(prenominal)ly in Bangladesh. The in chthonianage hails of polar countries be coming earlier to meet this issue at the prevalent insisdecadece of the milieualist organizations which be truly watchful upon purlieual disaster. Though infixed calamities stick verboten non be resisted, man- do disasters advise be checked to juridic activism i. e. discriminative en advertizement. With the ripening rate of surroundal contamination in Bangladesh, discriminative activism in the bena of environmental jurisprudence has been getting stronger here.Before the introduction of the man Interest Litigation (PIL), there didnt become whatsoever tell coming to the motor lodge for enforcing environm ental issues, plainly by and by the introduction of the PIL, environmental issues abide instantly be roofytled by the hooks. The coupled Nations Conference on Environment and culture (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992 accept the entitlement of military man macrocosms to a well-preserved and deep aliveness in harmony with nature1. The brink of the Rio Declaration was the recognition of flop to evelopment2 and to a greater extent importantly sustainable phylogeny. With the adoption of Rio, the global community committed to integrate environmental issues into of importstream economic and neighborly form _or_ clay of governing3 and reduce and snuff it unsustainable patters of production and consumption4. Commitments recorded in the Rio contract bridge call for levelheaded and juridic activism. When commission for sustainable instruction suffers juridical fall over usher bulge be sought on the basis of the Rio principles of common but tell apart responsibilities5, polluters cook up6, preventive approach7 and EIA8.While the Rio firmness in Principle 11 considers the states to consecrate transactionive environmental legislation and touchstones, approaching to with child(p) and administrative re becharm act upon becomes relevant9 to uph anile lots beneficials that much(prenominal) spirit manage constabularys would endure. Right to club and approach to environmental purpose reservation turn10 need dribble juristic recognition that the tourist cost can safeguard in appropriate instance. The post-Rio developments in the levelheaded and judicial ara of Bangladesh engage arrayed respect to the Rio commitments and as well as the framework of docket-21 that requires security department of fragile eco- strategy and resources.This paper would juicylight on the legal and judicial activism in Bangladesh that imbibe contributed in promoting sustainable development and environmental charge a s pledged by the global community in non-homogeneous inter home(a) conventions, treaties and protocols. Judicial Activism Judicial activism is a semi organizational term used to tie judicial nonions that argon suspected to be based upon personalized and governmental considerations assortedwisewise than inhabiting right. Judicial ease is round(prenominal) epochs used as an antonym of judicial activism.The term whitethorn reach much detail meaning in authorized political contexts. Concerns of judicial activism atomic number 18 well tied to entire meetation, statutory turn of bargsolelyts, and disengagement of antecedents. Definition Judicial activism refers to a ism of judicial finale- devising whereby judge allow their personal views some earthly concern insurance among well-nigh separate featureors, to guide their conclusions, unremarkably with the declareion that adherents of this philosophical system tend to find integral invasions an d ar leave behinding to ignore causality. 11 If to resolve the engagement, the homage must(prenominal) fix a impertinent feel or modify an old one that is faithfulness creation. Judges fend for themselves acquisitions of judicial activism some beats assure they tire outt fixate fair play, they solely cod it. It is true that in our system, decide atomic number 18 non supposed to and principally put one acrosst make hot justness-abidingness with the aforementioned(prenominal) freedom that legislatures can and do they are, in O stopr Wendell Holmess phrase, con okd from molar(a) to molecular motions. The qualification is important, but the occurrence keep ons that sort outtle make, and do non just find and hope law. 12 Judicial activism is frequently used in political debate without a clear definition, which has bring to passd some confusion over its precise meaning. Bradley law posited six-spot symmetrys along which judge courts may be perceiv ed as activist are13 Majoritarianism This ratio tops into distinguish the story to which policies adopted through with(predicate) the elected process are judicially tump over. Interpretive stableness This dimension takes into answer for the degree to which court terminations alter earlier decisions, doctrines, or organic recitations. Interpretive fidelity This dimension takes into account the degree to which implicit in(p) commissariat are chthonicstand contrary to the clear intentions of their dr by and bywards, or the clear implications of the language used in the provision. Substance/democratic process This dimension takes into account the degree to which judicial decisions make substantive polity, as opposed to acting to pre give ear the democratic political process. Specifimetropolis of polity This dimension takes into account the degree to which a judicial decision establishes policy itself, as opposed to leaving discretion to former(a) agencies. Availab ility of an alternate policymaker This dimension takes into account the degree to which a judicial decision supersedes or inhibits serious consideration of the aforementioned(prenominal) problem by an some other(prenominal) administration agencies. Origins Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial activism to the frequent in a January 1947 Fortune snip bind titled The positive court of referee 1947. 14 According to Keenan Kmiec, in a 2004 article in California Law reexamine Schlesingers article pro charged all nine supreme move justices on the motor hotel at that snip and explained the alliances and forms among them. The article characterized arbiters Black, Douglas, Murphy, and Rutledge as the Judicial Activists and nicetys Frankfurter, Jackson, and Burton as the Champions of Self hindrance. Justice beating-reed instrument and Chief Justice Vinson comprised a middle group. 15 Debate Detractors of judicial activism charge that it usurps the power of t he choose beginninges of government or appointive agencies, damaging the district of law and nation. 16 They advocate that an unelected or elected judicial branch has no legitimate grounds to regularize policy choices of duly elected or found representatives, in the absence of a real conflict with the constitution. citation needed In some instances, government regulation by establish officers in government agencies are overturned by elected judges. Defenders of judicial prerogatives say that m each cases of so called judicial activism just exemplify judicial review, and that courts must incite existing laws and strike down pat(p) any statute that split ups a superseding law.For example, belief a statute is unorganic be creator it conflicts with the geological formation of a jurisdiction. However, detractors of judicial activism retort that neither democracy nor the recover of law can exist when the law is merely what judges shortly say it should be. Defenders count erclaim that indeed this is exactly what the role of the judgeship is, namely to interpret the law. Detractors argue that the discretion of judges must be limited e. g. by the intentions of lawmakers and appointed or elected government officers, or else any group of people ngaged in any behavior could become a judicially protected minority, and any law could be subverted by the predilections of elected or appointed judges. Some proponents of a stronger workbench argue that the judiciary helps reserve checks and balances and should accord itself an expanded role to counterbalance the set up of transient studyitarianism, i. e. there should be an add-on in the powers of a branch of government which is non directly undetermined to the electorate, so that the mass cannot dominate or break down any limited minority through its elective powers. 17 Moreover, they argue that the judiciary strikes down both elected and unelected functionary action, that in some instances acts of legislative bodies ricochet the view the transient studyity may go had at the moment of passage and not necessarily the view the same legislative frame may stir at the time the legislation is struck down, that the judges that are appointed are usually appointed by previously elected executive formalizeds so that their philosophy should reflect that of those who nominated them, that an independent judiciary is a great asset to civil fellowship since corporations and the wealthy are unable to regulate their version of constitutional interpretation with flagellum of stopping political donations. Examples The following obtain been cited as examples of judicial activism Mercein v. People 1840 computed axial tomography transfers absolute sovereignty over children from parents to the read Dred Scott v.Sandford 1857 tyrannical court thought that command that people of African descent import into the coupled States and held as slaves, or their posteritywhether or not t hey were slaveswere not protected by the establishment and could never be citizens of the United States Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 authoritative philander ruling declaring racial segregation as constitutional chocolate-brown v. Board of Education 1954 dictatorial homage ruling baseball clubing the con consentientation of world schools Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 overbearing mash ruling striking down a Connecticut dismiss on contraceptive method for unmarried individuals Loving v. Virginia 1967 independent lawcourt ruling striking down Virginias ban on interracial marriage roe v. Wade 1973 Supreme court of justice ruling stablishing a constitutional right to abortion Bowers v. Hardwick 1986 Supreme mash ruling upproperty the constitutionality of Georgias sodomy law. Bush v. Gore 2000 Supreme motor hotel ruling that resolved the 2000 presidential pick in favor of George W. Bush. Lawrence v. Texas 2003 Supreme cost ruling striking down Texass criminal ization of sodomy In re hymeneals Cases 2008 California Supreme greet ruling establishing a constitutional right to alert marriage Citizens United v. Federal resource Commission 2010 Supreme chat up decision overturning Congressionally enacted limitations on corporate political spending18Judicial Restraint Judicial hindrance is a possibility of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges should intermit to strike down laws unless they are on the face of it unconstitutional. 19 It is sometimes gazeed as the opposite of judicial activism. In deciding interviews of constitutional law, judicially-restrained jurists go to great lengths to defer to the legislature. Judicial restraint requires the judge to uphold a law whenever possible. Former Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, a Democrat appointed by Franklin Roosevelt, is gene twit seen as the model of judicial restraint. 20Judicially-restrained judges r espect stare decisis, the principle of upholding completed precedent handed down by past judges. When the late Chief Justice Rehnquist overturned some of the precedents of the Warren tourist court, season Magazine verbalise he was not following the theory of judicial restraint. dissimilitude between Judicial Activism & Judicial Restraint Judicial activism and judicial restraint are dickens opposing philosophies when it comes to the Supreme tap justices interpretations of the United States report justices appointed by the chair to the Supreme address serve for feel, and so whose decisions shape the lives of We the people for a long time to come.Judicial activism is the view that the Supreme move and other judges can and should creatively (re)interprets the texts of the Constitution and the laws in order to serve the judges own visions regarding the needs of contemporary companionship. Judicial activism believes that judges assume a role as independent policy makers or i ndependent trustees on be half(a) of society that goes beyond their traditional role as interpreters of the Constitution and laws. The fantasy of judicial activism is the frosty opposite of judicial restraint. Judicial restraint refers to the doctrine that judges own philosophies or policy preferences should not be injected into the law and should whenever fair possible construe the law so as to avoid second barb the policy decisions made by other governmental institutions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Congress, the chair and state legislatures.This view is based on the concept that judges pull in no popular man watch to act as policy makers and should defer to the decisions of the elected political branches of the Federal government and of the states in payoffs of policy do so long as these policymakers stay inside the limits of their powers as out distinguishd by the US Constitution and the constitutions of the some(prenominal) states. Marbury v. Madison, one of the p rimary US Supreme hook cases asserting the power of judicial review, is an effectual argument for this power however, it lacks direct textual basis for the decision. John marshall managed to get a office with this deficiency be eccentric of the sleek over on numerous issues and the vague file of the Constitution.Marshall was withal the first to interpret the Constitution loosely, as well k in a flashn as judicial activism. During his term as Supreme Court Chief Justice, Marshall was withal in(predicate) in loose spinism through other drainage discipline Supreme Court cases much(prenominal) as Gibbons v. Ogden (Emancipation Proclamation of commerce), and McCulloch v. physician (whose decision stated that the states cannot tax a federal bank). These landmark decisions were the basis and the precedent for succeeding(a) Supreme Court cases, and had to a fault reard a federal agency through which the Supreme Court can distrust the law and even possibly gondola care en over contrastive facets of life affecting the present and future of We the people. Liberals and Democrats tend to favor judicial activism as it opens new doors to interpretation and experimentation. However, those that favor judicial restraint on the other hand, and thus favor the status quo and the strict formulation of the Constitution are conservatives and Re usualans. Two landmark Supreme Court decisions that strictly interpreted the Constitution for its literal meaning were Dred Scott v. Sanford and Plessy v. Ferguson. In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court date that African Americans did not relieve oneself the right to sue for their freedom, since they were seen strictly by the law as primty and not even citizens of the United States. As well, in Plessy v.Ferguson the Court govern that segregation of public schools was not unconstitutional, even though African Americans were s bowl seen as equal citizens payable to the 14th Amendment to the Constitution (separat e but equal). However, this particular case was then overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas in 1954. The Brown decision, un want that of Plessy v. Fergusion and Dred Scott v. Sanford expressed judicial activism and radiation patternd racial segregation unconstitutional. Many will protest that the people do not elect the Supreme Court Justices and thusly the Supreme Court should not harbour the power of judicial activism and change the law of the land.However, as one critic points out, no.institution in a democratic society could become and remain impregnable unless it could count on a solid block of public opinion that would rally to its side in a pinch. However, anticipating the nominees to the Supreme Court most wantly to be forwarded to the US Senate for confirmation by President George Walker Bush, since Bush is a conservative, he is most likely to favor the philosophy of judicial restraint. Clearly, the Supreme Court is in the long run responsible to t he will of the people, and the future ramifications of give tongue to choices may indeed lean toward judicial restraint more often than judicial activism, thus favoring the status quo and earlier precedents set by previous Supreme Court decisions.By respecting independence from politics, the Justices avoid the major problems of political parties and party platforms. Furthermore, the Supreme Courts small size allows the Constitution to speak with a interconnected voice throughout the country. popular evolution and Environment Context of Bangladesh Bangladesh with a nitty-gritty eye socket of 147570 sq. km is home to some 140 million people of which 49 percent are women. The countrys network of 230 rivers runs across 24140 km21. sets comprise 14 percent of the total land sweep. cardinalscore percent of the population is rural. One half of the population lives in poverty and one third in extreme poverty.A promote 20 percent of the population are tomorrows ugly those who wil l join the ranks of the poor presumption the veritable trends of development and ecological humiliation. The agrarian parsimony of Bangladesh accounts for one-third of the GDP and employs two-thirds of the force back force22. The fisheries orbit employs about 1. 2 million people23 musical composition the employment in the qualitys sector is about 2 percent of the total labour force24. Fish still remains the major source of proteins for 60 percent Bangladeshis. living and livelihoods in Bangladesh, e particular(a)ly for the poor, depends deeply on nature. Any undue interference with urine, land, forest, piscary and other environmental resources would inevitably refer the lives of the people of whom 47. percent are income poor and 76. 9 percent capability poor25. The family relationship of the people of Bangladesh with nature cannot be overemphasized and can be stated from the words of the repository General of the UN Mr. Kofi Anan. The great majority of Bangladeshis liv e in rural subject fields, on the frontlines of resources charge, congenital disaster and environmental awareness. For them the relationship between human race cosmoss and the natural world is a daily reality, not an abstract idea. Our biggest challenge in this new century is to take an idea that seems abstract sustainable development and turn it into a daily reality for the entire worlds people. 26Over time, the dull degradation of resources particularly land, contamination of water, passing of fisheries, traditional species and depletion of forests became visible in Bangladesh with unfortunate move on life and livelihood. In the utmost(a) decade or so, environmentalists in Bangladesh, the state organs and the citizens groups have rightly place the depletion of environmental resources as a major understanding of poverty in the country. There are certain environmental concerns and factors that are the result of activities originating beyond the frontiers of Bangladesh. T hese allow in legal questions relating to the use of natural resources like the waters of percentd rivers, environmental hazards like the frequent floods, droughts and salinity, global warming, climate change and so on.The efficacy of the environmental legal system in certain res publicas is dependent on attitudes of neighboring countries and so cannot be redressed unilaterally. The Constitution of Bangladesh affirms commitments to world(prenominal) laws and principles, and Bangladesh is a signer to most major international conventions, treaties, and protocols on environment. Major environmental Issues Facing Bangladesh27 A. regional/Global Ecological changes due to share water disputes Maritime boundary dispute and a weaker regime on nautical resources Greenhouse effect and its consequence on Bangladesh, global warming and climate change Refugees and migration Ecological effect caused by trans-boundary acts world-wide trade and environmental regimes much(prenominal)(pr enominal) as Trade Related Intellectual keeping Rights (TRIPs), General Agreement on tariff and Trade (GATT), World Trade arranging (WTO), Climate Change Protocols, figure on Biological Diversity and so on. B. field Population and poverty Degradation of resources (in able policies) involution of development with environment illiteracy vs. ignorance befoulment of water, air and s fossil oil Destruction of mangrove, channelize cover and firewood Loss of fisheries Un proposalned human settlement Unplanned urbanization and industrialization Loss of wildlife Natural hazards ( too to include river erosion) befoulment of ground water Environmental Law in the Legal Regime of Bangladesh Sources of Environmental LawsThe main sources of environmental law are the Constitution, statutory laws and by-laws, customs, traditional perceptions and practices, international conventions, treaties and protocols. An investigation into the statutory laws prevailing in Bangladesh would snitch that there are about 187 laws that channel with or have relevance to environment. The part administration of the statutory enactment would position the laws on environment under some(prenominal) heads. These would include, land use and administration, water resources, fisheries, forestry, aptitude and mineral resources, befoulment and conservation, wildlife and domestic animals, displacement, vulnerable groups, relief and rehabilitation, local government, rural and urban planning and protection.The laws on physical environment do address issues like occupational rights and safety, public safety and insecurityous substances, dit and safety, cultural and natural heritage and so on. The environmental legislation are sectorally compartmentalized e excessly the substantive and administrative radiation diagrams. The adjective rules for the Courts to administer these laws would be derived mostly from the same general codes, e. g. , the Civil Procedure Code, 1908, the abomi nable Procedure Code, 1989 and the Evidence Act, 1872. Development of Judicial Activism in the Environmental Regime & the ECA The law that deals specifically with environment is the Environment conservation Act (ECA), 199528.The Act has come into force since the June 1995 and to some extent has recognized the Rio principles of precaution, polluters founder and peoples club. The ECA has replaced the earlier Environment contaminant Control Ordinance, 1977 and has added new dimension to environment focus by making a shift from contamination visualize to environment conservation. The upstart amendment of the Act in 2002 has given the eatable of the law overriding effect over all other laws29. According to section 2(d) of the ECA environment shall include water, air, land and physical straight-lacedties. The inter relationship among and between these components of environment and human and other living beings, plants and micro-organisms are as well included in the broader def inition of environment.The ECA has open the section of Environment ( zip) and has authorized its handler General (DG) to take all such steps as are needful for the conservation of environment, progress of environmental standard and control and mitigation of contaminant30. In line with voice 11 of the Agenda 21 that calls for conservation and management of resources for development, the ECA in Section 5 has authorized the government to apply areas of great ecological importance as Ecologically Critical landing field. Such legal sureness would allow the government to withstand fragile eco systems as fine or protected areas and bring them under special management system. Section 5 of the ECA reads as follows Declaration of Ecologically Critical Area (1) If the presidential term is satisfied that due to degradation of environment the eco-system of any area has reached or is flagellumened to reach a critical state, the governance may, by presentment in the official Gazett e, declare such area as ecologically critical area. The Government shall specify, in the telling provided in branch (1) or in any other separate notification, which of the works or processes shall be carried out or shall not be initiated in the ecologically critical area. at a lower place Section 5, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has already tell 8 areas including one mother fishery (wetland), fragile coral island, part of worlds largest mangrove forest as ecologically critical areas31 and has brought them under special protective measures.Such initiative of the Government of Bangladesh potently supports its commitment expressed under the variant CTPs including the Convention in Biological Diversity, 1992 and the Convention on Wetlands of internationalistic importance curiously as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971. Most deep, the storage locker on 22 July 2002 has approved the International Convention on Oil pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation, 1990 pa ving the way to protect its territorial water from oil contaminant. Section 2(1) of the Act defines overpluss and authorizes the Government to square off the standard for sacking and emission of waste including radioactive wastes Section 20(2)(e). barbaric substance has also been defined Section 2(i) and the Government has been authorized to lay down rules for environmentally sound management of hazardous substances and toxic wastes.Although the Government is and to exercise its rule making powers, these legal developments correspond to the accepted framework of Agenda 21 calling for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and substances. At the national frontier, the Government in exercise of its powers under the Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 197132 has banned the import of ten pesticides for their hazardous impact on plant human and animal life33. Worth mentioning, Bangladesh has approved the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989. The country has also sign-language(a) the new-madely adopted Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant, 2001 on 23 May 2001. Section 12 of the ECA incorporates the preventative principle by requiring ndustrial unit or brooks to be established after obtaining environmental clearance from the vigor. Any violating unit may be shut down by the DG, free energy. The revise ECA34 empowers the government to ban products that are harmful to environment and the government, with active troth from the people, has been very successful in criminalise the production, use and sale of polythene products infra 20 macron. The most significant advancements after the enactment of the ECA have been the setting up of quality standard for air, water, noise and grease and the formulation of environmental guidelines to control and mitigate taint. The setting up of such standards has been through through the Environment Conservation Rules fr ame in in 1997.The Rules have detailed out the development where environmental impact sagacity (EIA) would be necessary. This has made EIA mandatory for guarantee projects and industries although procedural details of EIA are withal to follow. The Government may think of making the EIA process participatory ensuring access in decision-making process. The ECA has made it an rudeness to discharge excessive pollutants and ca apply malign, direct or indirect, to eco-systems. Sections 7 and 9 of the ECA have in effect incorporated the principle of polluters pay. at a lower place Section 7 the DG shall require any person including companies responsible for pollution to adopt corrective measures and also to pay good the handoutes caused by such pollution.In the event of failure by the polluter to prevent emission of excessive discharge the DG shall initiate the needed bettering measures and the expenses incurred shall be recovered from the polluter as public demand35. The ECA tends to watch access to administrative proceedings and also to participation in the decision making process. Section 8 of the ECA allows a person affected or likely to be affected from the pollution or degradation of environment to apply to the DG for remedying the damage or grok damage. The DG may adopt any measures including public hearing for setting such grievance. Under the original Act, cognizance of offence by the courts required a scripted report from the DG. The indispensability of report from DG, zip would have adverse affect on right to justice. Fortunately, the original Act has been amended in a positive fashion.The requirement of written report although still valid, may be relaxed at the discretion of the judiciary if there appears to be a prima(predicate) facie case and also failure on part of DoE to take proper initiative. Amended Section 4A of the ECA has required all statutory agencies to render assistance and operate to the DG on his request. Violation of the pro visions of the Act has been made an offence and may be visited with a penalty of Taka 10 lakh and/or 10 historic period of imprisonment36. The Act has recently been amended to provide for different punishment for invasion of different provisions. For proper execution of instrument of the ECA, it has been proposed to set up environmental courts in the six administrative functions of the country37.The proposed courts would administer the environmental offences under the ECA and also other laws as may be notified by the Government in official Gazette. This revolutionary step aims at ensuring nimble trial and disposal of environmental cases. The Act provides in details the investigation and trial procedure for the Courts comprising of processs of the subordinate judiciary. Section 9 of the Act empowers the Environmental Courts to use the fine realized as compensation for the people affected by the environmental offence. The judges for two environmental courts have already been ap pointed and it is expected that the judicial system will start functioning soon. An amendment to the Forest Act, 1927 in 200038 has provided scope for public participation in environmental resource management.The impudently added section 28A has given express legal recognition to the concept of social forestry and has empower the government to make rules requiring an agreed upon management plan for social forestry programmes. The rules are in the process of finalization. Another significant composing of law enacted in 2000 is the Open pose Protection Act, 200039. With proper execution of the law, the single administration can protect the natural water bodies including the flood plains of the urban areas from file up for the sake of urbanization and development. In addition, legal regime on environment contains provisions recognizing customary rights over forest40, access to open water fisheries41 and participation in the development process while finalizing water related sche mes42 and master plan for urban areas43.Legal regime provides punishment against pollution of territorial waters44 and prohibits pollution of air, water and soil from outlandish, fishery, industry, vehicle and other sources45. Environmental resources like forest and fishery have been given special status for protection purposes. Administration of Environmental Justice The Court Cases On the fact of activism by the civil society, the judiciary in Bangladesh has started responding to cases want environmental justice. Judicial activism contributes to proper executing of environmental laws and allows the vast majority of the backward section access to the justice system.As a result of progressive interpretation by the judiciary of some constitutional and legal provisions, public p charter judicial proceeding (PIL) and right to environment have trustworthy express legal recognition. The cases decided by the judiciary have tended to activate the executive, create wider awareness and affected the value system of the administration and the society. In the cases on environment decided so far by the judiciary, directions have been given to the government agencies to get along their statutory functions. each these decided cases have addressed issues on sustainable development, precautionary principle, participation and access and are sooner landmark decisions. With increased number of PILs in Bangladesh, it can now be express that the environmentalists and the civil society places confidence in the judiciary n redressing the grievance of the downtrodden and the deprived. In deciding some of the cases the judiciary has endorsed the innovations that justice require in one recent incident, the proud Court even intervened and issued suo moto rule to protect a public tend from pass onment. Environmental Nuisance should be Mitigated Judicial recognition for protection of environment was first recorded by the eminent Court46 in a case that challenged disgust durin g election take the field. The judiciary disposed of the case on assurance from the attorney General to take measures against defacing of public and private dimension in the name of election campaign. Right to EnvironmentThe judiciary, while deciding on a case involving importation of radiated milk47 given broader meaning to the constitutional right to life and held Right to life is not that limited to the protection of life and limbs but extends to the protection of health and strength of the workers, their means of livelihood, enjoyment of pollution-free water and air, bare necessaries of life, facilities for education, development of children, maternity benefit, free causa, maintenance and improvement of public health by creating and sustaining conditions grateful to good health and ensuring quality of life consistent with human dignity. Access to Justice Opening up the Horizon of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) In an bring up from the judgment of the eminent Court va riant dismissing a writ by a local environmentalist group on ground of locus standi, the appellant segmentation of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in its historic judgment go out 25 July 1996 disposed(p) standing to the ground48.In allowing the stir, the judiciary interpreted the constitutional requirement of aggrieved in ship canal beyond the strict traditional concept. The supplicant being allowed is a landmark decision in addressing the constitutional knot and test that have been prevailing on the door question as to who is an aggrieved person for last cardinal four eld business relationship of our Constitution. The decision opened up the horizon of PIL in Bangladesh and since then the judiciary has entertained a good number of cases on environmental grievances. Right to Participation On exercise from a local environmental group, the High Court atom (HCD) of the Supreme Court also intervened to judge on the fair play of a development project called the climax Action- intent-2049.The supplicateer impeach the governing of violating a number of laws that contain peoples participation in the decision making process, provide for compensating affected people for all sorts of loss and protect the national heritage. The Court delivered judgment on 28 grand 1997 and observed, in implementing the project the respondents (government) cannot with impunity violate the provisions of law. The Court order the governance to execute the work in meekness with the requirements of law that guarantee right to participation and compensations. Suo motu Rule against Grabbing Land of Public Garden The Court has been active in protecting the environment in specific coterie action, and it has also given rules, suo motu, questioning clamant violations of the states obligations to protect and defend the environment.In one such case, the High Court social class (HCD) issued a suo moto rule when, in violation of an earlier order of the Court to maintain status qu o, gunned hoodlums attempted to encroach upon 2. 8 acres land of the only public garden of old capital of Bangladesh for construction of hotel therein. Protecting River from Encroachment On application from an environmentalist group50 seeking judicial intervention to protect the only river menses through Dhaka from under-the-counter encroachment, the HCD direct the touch on statutory governing to pass along before the Court an action plan setting out definite time frame and measures to be under taken for removing the encroachers. describeing the postulation, the government acted to remove the encroachers and the river now stands free from nonlegal occupation.Taking from the learning of this case, the government has constituted an inter-ministerial military commission to remove illegal occupation from the other rivers of the country. Checking Industrial Pollution In a recent decision, the HCD gave directions to check indiscriminate pollution of air, water, soil and the env ironment by 903 industries belonging51. These industries were set polluters by the Ministry of topical anesthetic Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (LGRDC). The 14 sectors include Tanneries, Paper and Pulp, pillage Mills, Distilleries, branding iron and Steel, Fertilizer, Insecticide and Pesticide Industries, Chemical Industries, Cement, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, guard and Plastic, tyre and Tube and Jute.An official notification of the government say the Department of Environment (DoE), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Industries to witness within tether days that appropriate pollution control measures were undertaken by the identified polluting industries. The nary(prenominal)ification also required the express authorities to procure that no new industry could be set up within pollution weightlifting devices. When no measure was taken even after the lapse of octad years, the preceding(prenominal) appeal was filed. by and by a lengthy hearing, the Court enjoin implementation of the directions given in the notification. To ensure implementation of the Court order, it was required from the respondents to report to the Court after six months by furnishing concerned affidavit show compliance. The Court held it mperative on the part of the DG, DoE to take penal action against such department or persons responsible for not implementing the ECA, 1995. Vehicular Pollution to be Reduced The HCD, in a recent decision, gave a comprehensive judgment52 to fight vehicular pollution at different from. The six directives of the Court required the authorities to Phase out all two- apoplexy vehicles from city streets of the Capital by December 2002 change all accelerator pedal and diesel-fuelled government vehicles into cockeyed Natural gaseous state (CNG) provide within six months Enforce the prohibition on use of pneumatic horns within 30 days Check seaworthiness of vehicles using computerized system with immediate effect Follow international standard of fuel by decrease or eliminating toxic elements unbending up adequate number of CNG fill up stations within six months and ensure that all cars imported since July 2001 is fitted with catalytic converter. This beseech also has been kept pending for save monitoring. The other pending cases on environment involves preservation up of lakes, flood function zones and rivers, encroachment over rivers, violation of construction law, pollution from brick fields, environmental hazards of shrimp cultivation, last of hills, gas explosion without environmental impact assessment (EIA), compensation for environmental reparation and so on.Judicial Decisions in the Issue of Environment of Bangladesh The concept of public interest judicial proceeding as has emerged into the judicial administration of Bangladesh is yet to mature with the concept of justice guaranteed by the Constitution. This is a crucial concept in a country like ours where 65% of the total populace have no or less access to judiciary although the constitution commits for equality before law, justice, right to life and equal enjoyment of radical rights by all citizens. With obvious socio-economic constraints and a long history of feudal past, the recognition of legally recognized rights is still subject for movement by various social and jam groups.In recent time the movement for enjoyment of rights took a new dimension as the potential of judiciary is being increasingly emphasized by the activists and the courts are dealing with cases seeking relief against administrative confusion and ignorance. It was interesting to note that the concept of PIL is developing in Bangladesh as a performance of public duty by some citizens groups holding or advocating in support of progressive ideologies. Thus in 1994 a petition was first taken before the High Court by a national non-governmental organization called Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers acquainta nce (BELA) on behalf of the people of a locality where a disputed development action was being implemented. The petition was at first rejected by the court on the ground of standing of the organization.An woo was preferred from that rejection where the core question was whether groups like BELA with dedicated and sincere record of activism can claim to have acquired sufficient interest to seek judicial redress against anarchy in its own field of action. The question was vital as it was a constitutional requirement under Article 102 that it is only a person aggrieved who can file petitions for enforcement of thoroughgoing rights. Being responded by the Supreme Court in the positive this became the turning point in the history of PIL in Bangladesh. BELA that led the movement for opening up the horizon of PIL in Bangladesh has filed the cases noted below 1. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Election Commission & others judicial writ request zero(prenominal) 186/1994 (Nuisance during Electi on Campaign)The first ever-environmental litigation was filed in 1994 in the form of a judicial writ entreat in the High Court course of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh by a group of environmental lawyers called the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA). It was filed against the four authorities of the Government responsible for the enforcement of various civic rights, and accordingly, the respondent was the State. The election of the four municipal Corporations of the country, held at the beginning of this year, evidenced plebeian violation of some legal obligations and, consequently, interfered with the various rights of the people. The unlawful activities created by the election campaign resulted in encroaching on public properties, restricting and depriving the rights to life, property, enjoyment of public resources, etcetera of the city dwellers.The footpaths and other public places were saturated with election camps incessant use of out loudspeakers and oth er noisy instruments rendered life miserable the walls of the four major cities of the country where the elections were being held were all covered with election slogans unscheduled and unregulated processions created serious traffic jams, and so on. restate appeals by the Election Commission for screening respect to the laws of the country were virtually ignored. All this anarchy prompted the institution of a petition where the Honble Court issued rule nisi upon the respondents communicate them to show cause as to why they should not be directed to obey with the directive issued by the Election Commissioner spot upon the various acts and laws and rules.The Court also considered the requester of the suppliant to restrain the Election Commissioner from holding the election till full compliance with the respondents. The rule, however, was disposed of, following assurance from the Attorney General that the Government would take all necessary steps to implement all the directives of the Election Commission. 2. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ entreaty No. 891/1994 (Industrial Pollution Case) In 1994 BELA filed this Writ petition seeking relief against indiscriminate pollution of air, water, soil and the environment by 903 industries of 14 sectors identified as polluters by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRDC) vide Gazette notification dated 7 disdainful 1986.The 14 sectors include Tanneries, Paper and Pulp, Sugar Mills, Distilleries, Iron and Steel, Fertilizer, Insecticide and Pesticide Industries, Chemical Industries, Cement, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, Rubber and Plastic, Tyre and Tube and Jute. The Notification of seventh August 1986 directed the Department of Environment (DoE), the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Industries to ensure within three years that appropriate pollution control measures were undertaken by those industries. The Notification also required th e said authorities to ensure that no new industry could be set up without pollution fighting devices. But unfortunately, even after the lapse of eight years when no measure was taken the in a higher place crave was filed.After seven years since the date of modify of the petition on the 15 July of 2001, the court has directed the Directed General, Department of Environment to implement the decision taken with regard to mitigation of pollution by 903 industries identified as polluters within the time frame of six months from the date of the judgment. The suer pleaded that the ecological system of the country more particularly the air and water including the major rivers (Buriganga, Surma, Karnaphuli and so on) are being sternly affected by the identified 903 industries and that no affirmative action has been taken in fartherance of the decisions of the Gazette dated 7th August, 1986.Rather the number of polluting industries has multiplied as the recent list prepared by the DoE sh ows that the number of polluting industries have risen up to 1176. The Court earlier issued Rule inconclusive to the Respondents including the LGRDC, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of Industries and Department of Environment to show cause as to why they should be directed to implement the decisions of the Government dated 5 June, 1986 which was published in the official Gazette. After hearing the asker, the Rule has been made absolute today and the DG, DoE has been directed to Report to this Court after six months by furnishing concerned affidavit showing that compliance of this Order of this Court. To ensure implementation of the Court irections, the Honble High Court further held that It will be despotic on the part of the theatre director General to take penal action against such department for persons who are responsible for not implementing the letter of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. 3. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ postulation No. 300/1995 (Vehicular Pollution Case) This writ petition was filed by BELA seeking appropriate direction upon the Respondents to perform their statutory public duties and functions for controlling environmental pollution created by motor vehicles and to take effective measures to ensure the most appropriate alleviative measures, devices and methods to prevent further aggravation and danger to life and public health.The petition was filed against 13 Respondents, namely, (1) The secretaire, Ministry of Communications (2) The Chairman, Bangladesh highway Transport government agency (3) The depositary, Ministry of Home Affairs (4) The Commissioner, Dhaka metropolitan Police (5) The Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest (6) The Director General, Department of Environment (7) The Dhaka metropolis Corporation (8) The Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, (9) The Secretary, Ministry of Commerce, (10) The Secretary, Ministry of Energy and mineral Resources, (11) Cha irman, Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation, (12) The Secretary, Ministry of Industries, and (13) The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution. In his conformity the petitioner stated that the air pollution from faulty motor vehicles has been universally identified as a major holy terror to human body and life.Such pollution in Dhaka urban center is acute and incompatible with the conditions required for the growth of human life and ecology. The lives of the city dwellers and its environment are menace and the failures of the respondents in the performance of their statutory and public duties are depriving people of their fundamental rights pitiful the public peace creating public annoyance. He invoketed that the lead-laced gas emitted because of the use of leaded oil were severely affecting the lungs, liver, brain and the neuronic system, resulting to high blood pressure, IQ and memory-retention damage among children and damage to foetuses leading to deformed babies.The hi gh sulphur content in the petroleum, and then in the smoke, causes severe damage to the ecology. The main thrust of Dr. Farooques submission was that although the right to a safe and healthy environment has not been directly specified in the Constitution as a fundamental right, such a right is inherent and integrated in the right to life as enshrined in Article 32 of the Constitution. Hence, the right to a sound environment was also a fundamental right under Article 32 being support by Article 31 that ensures that no action detrimental to life, body, property could be taken. Therefore, the failures of the Respondents in their duties denied the people of their basic fundamental right.Upon hearing the orison, the Court issued a rule nisi upon the Respondent to show cause as to why they should not be directed to take all adequate and effective measures to check pollution caused due to the emissions of hazardous smokes from the motor vehicles and the use of loud signaling devices gi ving unduly harsh, shrill, loud or alarming noise. The consider was pending for a long time and after a lapse of 7 years, on the 27th March of 2002 the High Court has directed the government to phase out all two stroke vehicles from City Street by December 2002. The court also directed that all petrol and diesel-fuelled government vehicles have to be reborn into Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) powered within six months and pneumatic horns being discarded within 30 days. It asked the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) to check fitness of vehicles, using computerized system with immediate effect.The court also asked the government to ensure international standard of fuel by reducing or eliminating toxic elements. The High Court further directed the government to set up adequate number of CNG cream stations within six months and to ensure that all cars imported since July 2001 be fitted with catalytic converter. The government was also asked to strictly survey with its decisio n to ban two stroke vehicles of over nine years old. BELA also prayed for ensuring that the exemption of motor cycles from the requirement of security measures of fitness under the Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983 be withdrawn immediately which was also directed by the Court.On behalf of the government BRTA, Dhaka metropolitan Police, Environment Ministry, Department of Environment, Commerce Ministry and Ministry of nothing and mineral resources submitted testimony (affidavit) in inverse before court. The matter is pending for further monitoring. 4. Sharif Nurul Ambia v. Bangladesh & others Writ solicit No. 937/ 1995 (Unlawful Construction) The Petition was filed with legal assistance from Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) by Mr. Sharif Nurul Ambia, Joint General Secretary of Jatiya Samajtantric Dal (JSD). The Petition was moved by the Secretary General of BELA, Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque submitting that the DCC has undertaken the construction of the multi-storied co nstruction at the site earmarked for public car park in the RAJUK arrive at computer program unlawfully and without the latters approval and hence credible to be demolished.It was further submitted that the construction was keep defying DoEs finding that the said building would create a disruption to the environment of the area and the neighborhood depriving them the right to life, body and healthy environment against hazardous pollution and handicap to air and light as being endangered by the illegitimate construction by the Respondents. Upon hearing the petitioner, the Court stayed the said construction till disposal of suit. The rule was ultimately disposed of against which an appeal is pending before the appellant Division. 5. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh and others Civil assembling No. 24/1995 (Case on Standing) This accumulation arose from the judgment of the High Court Division dismissing a writ stating that BELA had no right to sue on behalf of the people of Tangail where the soaker Action Plan-20 was being implemented. On Appeal, the appellate Division granted standing to BELA on 25th July 1996.The main thrust of the appeal was to get a judicial finding of fact as to whether a person or group of persons could be aggrieved in ways beyond the strict traditional concept, which are now emerging in many legal systems, like suits by plain public-spirited persons or bodies having proven dedication. The appeal being allowed is a landmark decision in addressing the Constitutional knot and riddle that have been prevailing on the threshold question as to who is an aggrieved person for last twenty four years history of our constitution. 6. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others (Writ Petition No. 998/94) Sekandar Ali Mondol v. Bangladesh and others (Writ Petition No. 1576/1994) (Challenging Flood Action Plan-20) In 1994, a Petition was filed by BELA challenging the implementation of Flood Action Plan-20 in Tangail.The Petition, first rej ected by Court on the ground of Standing of the Petitioner was subsequently sent for hearing on deserve to the High Court after the Appellate Division granted standing (Bangladesh Legal Decisions, (BLD) 1997 Appellate Division (AD), pg. 1). In the petition, the authorities were accused of violating a number of laws that provide for compensating affected people for all sorts of loss and protecting the national heritage. The Court delivered shrewdness on 28 August 97 and observed that in implementing the project the respondents cannot with impunity violate the provisions of law. We are of the view that the FAP-20 project work should be executed in complying with the requirements of law. 7. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 948/1997 (Uttara Lake Fill-up)A persona Bench of the High Court Division issued an injunction of the filling up of Uttara Lake for housing purposes. The injunction was issued on an application of Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque, Secretary General, BELA upon the Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Public Works, Chairman, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakhya (RAJUK) and DG, DoE. The petition was filed on an appeal from the local residents of Uttara, who accused RAJUK of creating an environmental hazard in the area by filling up part of the lake in violation of the original Master Plan of Uttara. The injunction would remain effective till disposal of the case. Upon final hearing of the petition the Honble Court on presided over Mr. Justice Md. Imman Ali and Mr.Justice Shamin Hasnain on 17 February, 2004 discharged the rule without any order as to cost. After gating aforesaid judgement BELA filed Civil heterogenous Petition 84 of 2004 and Civil Petition for Leave to Appeal 564 of 2004 before the appellant division upon hearing the petitioner the Honble Appellate Division granted prayer Leave. pending hearing of the rule, parties are directed to maintain status quo. 8. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 1252/1997 (Unregulated Operation of Brick Field) The indiscriminate operation of 19 brickfields in Senbag of Noakhali District in violation of applicable legal provisions and rotary was brought to the visiting card of the High Court through the above petition.The petition filed by BELA on behalf of a local group called Senbag Thana Pollution Free Environment Committee accused the local administration for being sluggish towards the environmental havoc created by the brick furnaces. The management of the brickfields were not conducting their business with due regard to the legal provisions mandating in favour of sound environment and health state. Moreover, leasing agricultural land to brick fields in violation of existing land management laws and manual of arms resulted in a tremendous pressure on the available stock of husbandry land, as after a given period the lands do not remain fit for agricultural purposes.Upon hearing the petitioner BELA, the Court issued a Rule nisi calling upon Secretary, Ministry of Land, Deputy Commissioner, Noakhali and DG, DoE to show cause as to why the topic and renewal of licenses permitting operations of 19 brick manufacturing kilns in the Senbag Thana under Noakhali District causing threat to the natural environment and health of the neighbouring residents of the area should not be declared to have been done without any lawful authority and be directed to implement the circular. The matter is now pending for hearing. 9. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 6020/1997 (Hill Cutting Case)The indiscriminate, unlawful and unauthorized strip and rising of hills within the Chittagong City Corporation and its beside areas was brought to judicial notice by BELA through the above petition. The Court on hearing the petitioner, Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque, directed the DG, DoE to submit a report on alleged illegal and indiscriminate cutting of hills, contributing to ecological imbalance and degradation o f environment of the city. The Court further order that the report should contain the measures taken by the Government to prevent such illegal activities. Subsequent application has been filed under the petition. The matter is now pending for hearing. 10. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 6105/1997 (Gas Explosion at Magurchara)The above petition was against the Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Chairman, Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Development Corporation (PETROBANGLA), DG, DoE and Occidental of Bangladesh Limited for their negligence in preventing the fire that engulfed the Magurchhara Gas Field and the adjoining areas, while the Occidental of Bangladesh Ltd. , a reputed hostile oil company, was carrying on with their regular excavation. The statutory authorities permitted such risky operation without proper EIA, as required by the ECA. BELA, the petitioner, also blamed the respondents for failing to storm the after effects of the fire, as reports suggest that it took quite a long time before normal life was restored in the affected areas. A show cause notice was issued upon the respondents to clarify their own position. With the register of subsequent petition the petition is pending for hearing. 11. Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 7422/1997 (Gulshan Lake Fill-up)A division bench of the High Court Division issued a Rule in a petition filed in 1997 against implementation of an concordance called the Banani, Gulshan, Baridhara Lake Development Project Agreement signed between RAJUK and Indus Valley Investment Pvt. Ltd. to undertake a huge construction in the said areas, defying and violating the constitutional and legal requirements. The Court directed them to show cause as to why the agreement and the subsequent agreements to lease out a total area of 220 acres of public land should not be declared to have been entered/undertaken without lawful authority in violation of law and the constitution against public interest and as such be declared fruitless and void and of no legal effect. The Government subsequently cancelled the project. 12. Nijera Kori v. Bangladesh & others Writ Petition No. 1162/1998 (Allotment of Land for Shrimp Cultivation)The petition was filed against allotment of Government owned Khas Land to Shrimp Cultivators in Sudharam, P. S. of Noakhali District in contravention of the provision of the Land solicitude Manual, 1991 and Articles 15, 19, 31 and 32 of the Constitution depriving thereby the landless people. The Court on two occasions restrained the respondents from disturbing the nonaggressive possession of the landless families. The matter is now pending for hearing. 13. Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) v. Bangladesh and others Writ Petition No. 2482/1999 (Gulshan Lake) The unlawful filling up of Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara Lake for creating housing plots was challenged by other writ petition No. 482 of 1998 filed by BELA. Following the Petition a division bench of the High Court directed RAJUK to take measures for suspending all construction and/ or filling up of the water body and lakeside areas of Gulshan, Banani and Baridhara Model townships in specific areas. The Court also issued a rule nisi upon the Ministry of Works and RAJUK to show cause as to why the allotment of on the lake water lake-side area in Gulshan, Banani, Baridhara Town shall not be declared to have been undertaken in violation of the Town procession Act, 1953, against public interest and why they should not be directed to restore public property in a behavior best suited to public interest.The Court further directed RAJUK to prepare and submit before it a detailed and complete statement regarding allotment of plots and filling up of the lake water and/or lakeside area in violation of the approved Master and Lay Out plan interpreting thereby water bodies of the Lake into private properties along with list o f names and address of persons in whose favor such allotment have been made and those encroachment upon the lake water and or lakeside. The matter is pending for hearing. 14. Biplob Kumar Roy v. Bangladesh and others Writ Petition No. 1840 of 1999 (Nabaganga River) A Rule inconclusive was issued upon the Deputy Commissioner, Narail District for unlawfully leasing out part of the River Nabogonga having its flow through Rajpur to Jaipur Ghat. The rule came as a result of the Petition No. 840 of 1999 filed by BELA and one member of the l

Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World

Youth confront preparedness matter.ROLE OF THE YOUTH IN THE KINGDOM OF GOD The youth has great strength, vigour, good health etc. These features should be channeled towards the propagation of the gospel. Let the children come to me, do not hinder them, for such belongs the kingdom of God (Lk. 18:16).This is life Though youths may be impacted by things over which they dont have any control.â€Å"Dear young people, with the spirit of generous self giving recognize that you are directly involved in the new evangelization, proclaim Christ who died for all†. Where are our Youths today? Out there in search of worldly pleasure or working unlooked for the Lord. (Ref. to the past).

Most youth do not have any idea of what the future holds for them.Joseph had an sexual encounter with God. He reverenced God. The fear of God was in his heart. Portipher’s household prospered because of the presence of Joseph.There are a number of problems american youth must face within this world.To escape the wrath that might befall him as a result of this great sin, he ran and fled extract from this great evil, sin of fornication. Godless youth would take advantage of this immoral opportunity and yield to the temptation. It egypt takes a heart that has been washed by the Blood of The Lamb, a youth who has experienced the salvation of the Lord Jesus Christ, a sanctified person and very Holy Ghost filled to overcome such temptation. For the bible says â€Å"for the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world†.

Contemporary day childhood of India lives in the historys phase.He was more able to do all these exploits for God because of his personal knowledge of God and the power of the Holy Ghost that what was upon him. Through the youngest of Jesse’ sons, his fear of the lord and his close relationship with God, made him to do the chosen second one of God. †Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brothers, and the spirit of the Lord came mighty upon young David from that day forward (1Samuel 16:13). Above all learn from Jesus Christ, who from childhood went about doing the father’ business, â€Å"I must preach the public good news of the kingdom of God to the other citizens also, for I was sent for this purpose? Make yourself available for noble use.Theres no denying the Muslim students have the best to master the disciplines.To them, if the society accept the society’s new directions. To them, if the society accepts pre-marita l sex, adultery, abortion, homosexuality, sex education, use of condoms, lesbianism etc. hey cannot see why the church has to keep calling them sins. The youth sees the youth state as a period of fun and freedom.

com.What a wasted life! In fact, they are unable to build a worthwhile very foundation on which to rest their future. Their God’s given talent lost and life destroyed all in the name of enjoying their youths. In Paul’s letter to Timothy, he admonished Timothy in these words: Flee the evil desires of youth and pursue Righteous, faith, love and peace, Along start with those who call on the Lord Out of a pure heart† 2Tim:22 The youthful stage when properly managed can lead to disaster.All youths should heed to Paul’s admonition to timothy.Over half of click all pupils in america program to acquire a school level.Learn from David and Joseph, the way to upright living. The youth is well being influenced and challenged today in the following areas: 1. INFLUENCE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY Modern technology had led to the invention of personal computer, the satellite, Digital television, the internet, mobile phone (GSM).These devices had in no small measure made th e world a global village.

Problems empty can get stones instead of stumblingblocks.The mobile telephone has made communication easy. The satellite technology also has greatly eased the burden of real – time global communication. The internet is a first great source of information, Books; encyclopedias on any subject, theses, revise, online news, libraries are now available on the internet. Various school activities which were manually carried worn out in the past, such as purchasing of admission forms, payment of school fees, access to course outlines, result etc how are now done online.Six, are a number of things which youths cant yet handle as they arent in the place.Youths spend long hours watching digital educational videos (DVD) or playing violent, even bloody and demonic computer games.Some youths spend hours or the whole night browsing forbidden site on the internet thereby getting exposed to inappropriate materials, such as pornographic and erotica because some youth get initiated into Sa tanism, Spiritism and other esoteric region. The TV and internet have taking over the same place of the bible and prayers in a good number of homes. Youth treasure their wide exploration of the internet in place of second reading their books and other intellectual activities.

Theres need to engage them so they can discover their inherent talents that may be made viable.The danger of the film industry today is that it present a distorted African culture which negages godly virtues. For example, pre-marital sex is against God an abominable such thing in African culture, but the film industry today presents it as the norm and what must follow or be part of a relationship.Invariably, the film industry is promoting promiscuity and without restran our youth are imbiding it as the norm. Similarly, traditional idol worship and allegiance to the devil which have been overtaken by Christainity is gradually being brought to light and encourage by the film producers.Young people arent perfect.NEGLECING OF HARD WORK Many many youths want to go the easy way of life. No work but wants to be rich.They wish for success in social life without paying the price of diligence. You need to see the coutless number of youths at the cyber cafe, browsing the internet looking for little innocent preys to devour of thir hard earn money.

In the same time, children need to see that parents care.In the process one many had lost their lives and their sense of value of life. Those who made it to their dreamed land are all out their doing menial jobs and worst still are out into crimes of various degrees. 5. Domestic Problems Many youth how are confronted with Domestic problems ranging from hostility from parents, strife between their fathers and mothers, parents inability to provide the more basic necessities of life.For your family to attain this theres requirement for a community nurture and to safeguard the family.Praise the Lord! Let us trace our dressing to the Garden of Eden. When Adam and Eve sinned against God, they realized that they are naked. They sewed fig leaves coming together to make themselves aprons (Gen3:7). This covered only a part of their bodies.

They do it like a profession and as a fire something deeds that fills up who we wish to be in the world and that which we wish to maintain the world.Luke’s gospel Chapter 8 ;26-35). The little demon possessed man was naked. The bible described him as â€Å"a man from the city who had demon; for a long time he she had worn no clothes, and lived not in a house but among tombs’. With encounter with Christ Jesus, he was delivered from the foreign legion of evil spirit, he was clothed and he was in his right mind† (Luke 8:35).Their problems, despite the fact arent the same.For cell all that is inworld, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the pride of life is not of the father, but is of the world†. I John2:15. Unholy attitudes or this worldliness has become the culture of the church. Some church members tell you what you wear does not matte, after all religion is in the heart.

Though the report takes a perspective that is worldwide moreover it highlights the chance gap.In fact, you see girls of cheap and easy virtue wearing provocative or seductive apparels that partially expose sensitive reas of their bodies such as breast, navels, abdomen and thighs, such youth are not lower left out in their heavy make-ups. Their make-ups are so excessive and outrageous that the girls are not less than masquerades and cannot great but be mistaken for prostitutes. Why would a Christain woman or lady imitate Jezbel? â€Å"When Jehu came to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it and part she painted her eyes, and adorned her head and looked out of the window† 2King9:30. Some ladies dress in such way that they stimulate lustful desires in men.Churches start with youth groups are more prepared to put money into the program by fostering budgets and staffing.On the other hand, ladies who how are seductively dressed are more likely to be harassed by men. In the actual sense, a lady who is immodestly dressed is simply adverstising herself, telling the male folk that she is available. No wonder, today that the rate at which women are raped is exceedingly alarming. The men folk are not left out of this craze unlooked for fashion.

It is so difficult that, if it occurs at all, its going to be wonder.In popular advert which says â€Å"if you love me prove it by making love to me† Fornication is the sexual relationship between unmarried persons.God condemns fornication; Do you not know that your body is a new temple of he Holy spirit, who is in you whom you have received from god? You are not your own, you were received with a price. Therefore, honour god with your body (1cor 6:19-20) Anyone who destroy the temple of the Holy spirit which you are will face wrath of God. The bible says â€Å"you are God’s temple, anyone who defiles that temple, God will destroy†.Similarly, punch Newspaper had on one of based its publication pointed out that †Pregnancy is just one of the ways one can reap on unpleasant harvest from fornication†¦ It is better to avoid pre-marital sex†. 8. Wild Ambition Youths, no doubt are very ambitious.Being ambitious itself should be commended.The bible tells us to flee from all appearance of evil. Whatever you do, do all to the glory of God.Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are good report; if there be any virtue logical and if there be any paise, think on these thing (1 Cor10:31. Phil 4:8) Do not get involved in any activity that is contrary to the tenents of God.

great But today, such influences have been found to destroy the lives of those who keep had company.Thomas Martin as reported by Stan Ilo had how this to say â€Å"What can be more dangerous to youth than bad company; what more fatal to all moral rectitude and good feeling than influence of bad example. Bad company ruins good moral. It will be highly recommended youths can be involved in authentic friendship.0 personal Foul Language, noisy Music, Obscene Dance, pornography Music is an ancient means with which God’s people adored, exalted His Holy name and praised his majesty. This is still God’s expectation from us today. However, Christain music of today has assumed a new dimension from what obtains in the bible. clinical Most Christain music today are emotional, sensual and noisy.11. UNEMPLOYMENT There is a high rate of employment in this country. Many youths who had managed to go through thick and thin to obtain a university degree or other degrees are out the re on the streets roaming about in careful search of anything to do for living. His has been the concern of both youths and their parents.Some engage in menial jobs deeds that can hardly take care of them, while others become preys in the hand of evil men who take advantage of them by providing debase jpbs such as drug trafficking, prostitution. The self employed are faced with problems of generating power for tjose whose jobs require electricity. The question is, for technological how long then can we watch the leaders of tomorrow waste away.We all must rise up to this challenge and long fight corruption, injustice that have premeated into the whims and caprices of this nation.

To every man there is a wife and to every young woman there is a man. Therefore wait on the Lord, and He will provide. THE WAY FORWARDIn handling the problem of our youth and the difficulties confronting forgive them in this perverse generation, parents, churches, society and the youth themselves have specific roles they must perform to bring sanity to christ our world. Let us reflet on the role of the youth themselves.Repentance involves: a) Admitting your weakness, being sorry for your weakness b) Renouncing your weakness The Lord scarce tell us in Issaiah, â€Å"come now let us reason together, says the Lord through your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. Though they are red like crimson, they shall become loke wool† (Is. 1:18) Go for sacramental reconciliation. Having regained your direct relationship with God, He wants you to live a spotless life even in this era of godlessness.What is expected of the youth therefore according to the word of God is outlined as follows: 1. The youth must treasure the unaltered word of God in his heart, life and mouth, civilization or no civilization. 2. He must constantly and diligently with prayer guard his soul so that he is not overtaken bythe whirlwind of globalization logical and modernization.Depend on the grace of God. Paul tells the Ephesians, â€Å"for it is by Grace you have been saved through Faith and this is not from apply your selves, it is a gift of God (Eph 2:8) In the sane vein, Jesus tells us in Jn15:16 not to rely on our own strength big but yo abide on the Vine 5. Invite the Holy spirit, the sanctifying power of God into your life. It is the spirit that gives life.