Rome Was Not Built in a Day

10. Accounting from vouchers†¦ Cont. after Palak Shah†¦. CHART EXPLAINING THE INTERPRETAITION AND SHOEING THE EFFECTS OF VOUCHER†¦ CHART 1 |SR. NO. |VOUCHER |INTERPRETATION |WHERE IT IS RECORDED? | |1. Our cash memo |Cash sales |Recorded in debit side of cash book | |2 |Cash memo of other party |Purchase of goods or assets on cash |Recorded in credit side of cash book | |3 |Credit memo of other party |Credit purchase of goods and assets |Recorded in purchase book and journal | | | | |proper | |4 |Our credit memo |Credit sales of goods |Recorded in sales book | |5 |Our debit note |Purchase return of goods |Recorded I purchase return book | |6 |Our credit note |Sales return of goods |Recorded in sales return book | |7 |Debit note of other party |Sales return of goods |Recorded in sales return book | |8 |Credit note of opposite party |Purchase return of goods |Recorded in purchase return book | |9 |Receipt issued |Money received in cash or cheque by us |Recorded on debit side of cash book | |10 |Receipt of opposite party |Payment made on cash or cheque |Recorded n credit side of cash book | |11 |Pay-in slip |Cash, cheque or draft deposited in bank |Recorded on debit side of cash book | | | | |Recorded on both side of cash book | |12 |Counterfoil of the cheque |Cash withdrawn from ban for office use |Recorded on both side of cash book | | |Payment made to creditors |Recorded on credit side of cash book | |13 |Expense voucher |Expense made by cash |Recorded on credit side of cash book, cash| | | |Expense made by cheque |column | | | | |Recorded on credit side of cash book, bank| | | | |column | |14 |Income tax challan |Income tax paid by cheque or cash |Recorded on credit side of cash book on | | | | |cash/bank column | |15 |Sales tax challan |Sales tax paid by cash or cheque |Recorded on credit side of cash book n | | | | |cash/bank column | |16 |Particulars of correspondence |Regarding bank charges |Recorded on credit side of cash book | | | |Regard ing interest credited by bank |Recorded on debit side of cash book | | | |Regarding dishonor of cheque deposited | | Explanation of terms: – 1.Contra Transactions: Those transactions, which are recorded on both the sides of cash book, debit and credit, are known as contra transactions. 2. Bank charges: bank provides service to our business. Receives money on our behalf, collects payments of outstations cheques and makes payment to outstation traders on our behalf. Bank takes care of our money. Therefore, bank charges some charges as remuneration for providing such type of various services. It is known as bank charges. 3. Expenses for assets: When any asset is purchased, the expenses on purchase of assets are also debited to the asset account and it is recorded in asset account after adding such expense. CHART 2 [pic] Cash purchase | |cash sales | |payment to creditors | |Payment of bills payables | |Received collection | |Received for bills receivable | |Income received | |Expenses paid | |Cash brought in as capital | |Drawings through cash | |Loan/advances received | |Loan/advanced repaid | |Bank interest | |bank charges | |cash deposited in bank | |cash withdraw from bank | |Credit purchase of goods | |- Recorded in purchase goods | |Credit sales of book | |- Recorded in sales goods | |Purchase return of book | |- Recorded in purchase return goods | |Sales return of book | |- Recorded in sales return goods | |Bills payable accepted | |- Recorded in bills payable goods | |Bills receivables received | |- Recorded in bills receivable goods | |Other transactions | |- Recorded in journal proper etc. | CHARACTERISTICS OF VOUCHER: 1. The name of the party who is preparing the voucher is written on the top of the voucher and the name of the party to whom the voucher is given below. 2. From the voucher, the information like date on which transaction has taken place; its amount, type of transaction, terms and conditions of transactions etc are available. 3 . Voucher gives an idea about the parties between whom the transactions has taken place. 4. Voucher also gives an idea about weather the transaction is cash or credit? 5.If we have prepared the voucher, its original copy is given t the opposite party and its duplicate is kept with us. 6. If the original copy of the voucher is with us, it shows that the opposite party has prepared the voucher. 7. For transactions with bank, the printed vouchers are available from the bank in which we only need to fill the particulars. 8. In respect of amount paid, if it is not possible to obtain the voucher or receipt from the opposite party, the trader himself prepares the voucher and takes the signature of the opposite party or the authorized person of firm puts the signature sanctioning the voucher. ———————– Types of transactions Cash transactions Recorded in cash book Credit transactions Recorded in subsidiary book Rome Was Not Built in a Day There were things in the world which take a considerably long time to mature. It is the nature of a task that determines the length of time it would take to be accomplished. Some people are in the habit of getting impatient, when a task takes a little too long to complete. They do not understand or rather coyeniently forget the nature of the task and start losing heart. This idiom is used to tell the impatient people that great things are not done or accomplished overnight. Such things require long time, patience and continuous effort. Rome is the name of a city in Italy. At one time it was the capital of the Roman Empire. It was the citadel of the Roman Catholic Church. It was Roman Emperor Augusta’s who is consi ¬dered to be the real builder of Rome. Rome consisted of only a few hamlets when Augustus came to the throne. It took about 40 years for him to transform the face of Rome into a metropolis, adorned with beautiful mansions, theatres, temples, public baths and many other public buildings. It took a long time for this city to develop into a grand city of the world. In the same way every important task takes some time to be completed. There are two aspects of the matter. First, all big or important things take time to be accomplish ¬ed. Secondly, one should never grow impatient if some work takes a long time. What is required is perseverance and not haste. A close look at the maxim will make it evident that the word ‘Rome’ represents a great or noble or a monumental task. And the words ‘in a day’ indicate the span of time. The position is now very clear that monumental or great things cannot be done in haste, they require not one day but a long period of time. It is an advice to those who after having put in a little work or labor want excellent result immediately. They would be committing a mistake by doing so. It is again a lesson for those who want to do big or great things in life that they should be prepared to work hard continuously for a long time without losing patience. Patience is crucial in this process. Impatience will lead you nowhere. It will waste the labor or efforts you have already put in. Therefore, it is advisable to learn this lesson and translate it into action. One should have a firm determination and should sincerely work hard. One cannot achieve success unless one puts in the required amount of work in a specified period. The period of time is as important as the amount of labor. Therefore, the key to the accomplishment of any big task is labor, patience and perseverance. Suppose a man is not keeping good health. He wants to improve his health. Can any exercise, medicine or tonic improve his health over night ? The answer is obviously ‘no’. For improving his health the man will have to take regular exercise, and medicines for a period of time, before he can find any improvement in his health. If after a few days he feels discouraged, because he finds that exercise and medicines have done no good to him it is a fit case when he should be given this piece of advice. Similar is the case of a student who wants to obtain distinction in his annual examination and works hard for a few days, but getting on better result in the terminal examination he loses heart. Regular hard work for a considerably long period of time will ensure a distinction in the annual examination. No one is going to achieve the result without putting in required in-put of labor coupled with time. Patience is the essence of it. The Taj Mahal is a monumental architecture. It took decades for its building. Shah Jehan got this finest piece of architecture constructed with great patience and with huge expenditure over a long span of time. It is because of these factors that the Taj occupies a place of pride in India. In many cases we find men becoming impatient to pluck the fruits of their labor instantaneously or overnight. They are like that foolish farmer who sowed the seed and went the next morning with a sickle in his hand to reap the crop. Great undertakings require hard work over a long period of time. It is childish either to desire a result without sufficient work for a certain period of time or to give up the attempt after some time. A careful analysis of several important achievements will be enough to convince anybody that perseverance plays a very important role in the successful accomp ¬lishment of any task. Look at the strenuous work put in by those who achieved success in any great adventure or undertaking. They would have never succeeded without patience. Great discoverers have shown wonderful tenacity of purpose and commendable endurance in their pursuits. They never showed any sign of discouragement even after successive failures. Had they been hasty or had they show signs of disappointment, they would not have been remembered today with such great honor. We are all aware of the perseverance that enabled Tensing reach atop Everest. Milton took a quarter-century of years to complete his great epic. Tulsidas took several years of constant labor in com ¬piling his Ramcharit Manas. This maxim serves as an inspiration to hard and continuous work for achieving great tasks or for performing great adventure. It keeps disappointment away from you. It also tells you of the value of sustained effort. Thus it hands over the key to success in life.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Research procedures depends on the analyzing data and questions on the topic being researched. All research can be differentiated on the basis of whether its methodology produces mostly numerical data (e. g. , scores and measurements) or mostly narrative data (e. g. , verbal descriptions and opinions) (Mertler, C. & Charles, C. 2011, p 24). Qualitative research and quantitative research are two types of research methods. Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words, pictures, or objects. The purpose of qualitative research is of a complete, detailed description. Most researchers may not know exactly what he/she might be looking for in advance. Qualitative is usually recommended during the early phases of the research to help design the search as it is further researched. When data is being gathered, it is usually done by the researcher. The data consist of mainly words, pictures or objects. Qualitative data is time consuming and is harder to generalize the data gathered. Qualitative is useful for studying a limited number of cases, it is based on categories of meaning, provide individual case information. This type of research is great for understanding personal experiences form an insider’s viewpoint and how the participant interprets the data such as self-esteem. Qualitative researches also have weaknesses to consider. Some of the findings might be unique to the research study and not generalize to other people or settings. Qualitative research is difficult to make quantitative predictions. Hypothesis and theories are difficult to test and have lower credibility with some administrators of programs. Qualitative takes more time to collect data than it does for quantitative research. Qualitative is influenced by the researcher’s personal biases than statistics. Quantitative research is to classify the features and count them. Quantitative research is usually an attempt to construct statistical models to explain what is being observed. Before performing the research, the researcher clearly knows in advance what is being searched and trying to prove/not prove the hypothesis or theory. Quantitative research is carefully designed and uses tools to help collect numerical data. This type of research can be placed in a statistic or numerical form. The researcher is usually seeking predicament of measurement and analysis of the topic being researched. The researcher gives proven data and does not apply own personal feelings. Quantitative research has much strength for its purpose. When using quantitative research, testing and validating theories are being performed. Hypotheses are able to be tested and data can be constructed from the information collected. Researchers are able to construct situations to eliminate any confounding influences of different variables; this would allow more credibility to the cause-and-effect for the topic. Quantitative research is less time consuming since it is easier to find software or just log in numbers from the results that the researcher have proven. This type of research is great for hypothesis and theories. Quantitative research also has some weaknesses with its research. This type of research might have a hard time reflecting on local areas. Due to the focus on the hypothesis or theory testing, the researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring. The knowledge that is produced from quantitative research might be too much abstract and general for direct application to help with local situations. Quantitative research requires exact, true findings with the research. Qualitative and quantitative research can be hot debates in social sciences. When performing a research, the focus is on how the techniques need to be integrated. The researcher must know what kind of outcome they are searching for. This will help the researcher to decide on whether to use quantitative or qualitative research techniques. Both methods are great debates and require skills to perform throughout the research of any topic. In performing Dolphin Assisted Therapy research, qualitative research is my perspective of the topic. I will not be able to perform quantitative research due to it would take some time and access to the dolphin with the patients. My purpose of this research is to give details of how using dolphins with those of different ages who has different types of disabilities can help in many ways. It would be hard to give statistical numbers on a research that relies on personal experiences and personal viewpoints. During research, I will be looking at testimonials from patients that have had the opportunities to engage in dolphin assisted therapy. Each patient will be different than the other. One patient may have autism, depression, central-nervous-system deficiencies, birth defects, behavioral problems, and even traumatic injuries. Even though Dolphin Assisted Therapy has not been proven to be a medical fix, but it can be a mind-over-body healing, DAT does have its benefits. In my research, the testimonies will help show how DAT can be a good resource for some of those out there who have no more hope in a cure of any sort. References (2011). What is quantitative research? by djs research ltd. Retrieved from http://www. marketresearchworld. net/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=64 Bio Expedition Publishing,. (n. d. ). Dolphin assisted therapy (dat). Retrieved from http://www. dolphins-world. com/Dolphin_Assisted_Therapy. html Curacao Dolphin Therapy & Research Center,. (2004). Curacao dolphin therapy & research center. Retrieved from http://www. dtc. an/ Dolphin Research Center,. (2011). Research at drc. Retrieved from http://dolphins. org/research _DRC. php Dolphin Therapy Bali,. (2007). Dolphin assisted therapy-dat. Retrieved from http://balidolphintherapy. com/dlphin_therapy_bali_indonesia_how_work. html Dr. Lukina,. (2001). Dolphin assisted therapy. Retrieved from http://www. dolphinassistedtherapy. com/index. htm Mays, N. , & Pope, C.. (2000). Qualitative research in health care. BMJ Publishing Group. Mertler, C. & Charles, C. (2011). Introduction to educational research (7th ed. ). San Francisco: Allyn and Bacon. Tiggerlily1999,. (1999). Dolphin assisted therapy. Retrieved from http://tiggerdolphin. tripod. com/DAT. html Wasserman, J.. (2207). Qualitative research. (D. Cormack, Ed. ) Qualitative Research, 7(2), 688- 91. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/21496041

Social Entrepreneurism Module RQ1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Entrepreneurism Module RQ1 - Coursework Example Success means they must have the backing of willing donors. In light of this, it is crucial for any leader in social enterprises to have certain characteristics. This paper will examine some of the characteristics, and how they may assist them to stay at the top of the business chain. One vital character trait that a leader in the social enterprise must have is optimism. In the face of adversity, it is only right to have a leader who is optimistic of the outcome of certain scenarios, no matter how difficult the tasks or challenges may be. The hope that they will come out on top may work as encouragement to all those under that leader. It is true what social entrepreneurs believe about society that not everyone benefits from its success. It is their place in society to change this for the betterment of everyone. Their diverse views on how business ventures should relate to the environment is different from what for-profit enterprises believe. This makes them more versatile and diverse (Elkington & Hartigan, 2008). Another character trait is their futuristic nature. Social entrepreneurs always strive to find a lasting solution, beyond short term answers. This makes them decisive and dependent as individuals working under them find it easier to approach their leader with problems that require immediate attention. Last but not least, they are confident. They are not afraid to take chances in this highly competitive market, even if they have little resources. Social entrepreneurs have a small number of donors, which does not work to their advantage. This is unlike their competitors who rely on funding from philanthropic and charitable organizations to fund their businesses (Dees, Emerson & Economy, 2002). It may be risky for them but, they have to do this for the sake of society. In conclusion, leadership traits can be learnt from the existing business conditions. Some have the ability to grow, evolve, and change with changes in the

Survey of World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Survey of World History - Essay Example In this paper, we are going to take into consideration, the different cultural encounters that took place in various regions of the world from the 1800’s up to today. This paper would examine the chief wars that took place, the de- colonization of Africa, the Cold War and Japan’s opening to the outside world. One of the main wars that occurred due to military conflict was the â€Å"Vietnam War† which took place between Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1959, (Bernard Fall, 1958) which came to an end only in 1975. The origins of the Vietnam War took place between the 1940’s and 1950’s with nationalists groups like the Ho Chi Minh’s ‘Viet Minh’ fighting against colonial rule. This war took place between the communists and the allies of North Vietnam against the South Vietnam government which was supported by the United States and other member nations of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (American Experience, 1983) (Encyclopedia Britannica) the chief conflict that led to the war was North Vietnam’s desire to unify the whole country and bring it under the Communist regime. On the other hand, the government of South Vietnam battled to preserve Vietnam on the lines of the West. In the 1950’s a good number of military advisers introduced combat units that were trained and stationed in Vietnam. The Vietnam War was one of the worst wars in history destroying both life and property and raising the toll of casualties to about 2 million civilians, 1.1 million from north Vietnam, about 200,000 from the U.S. military forces and from south Vietnam the death toll was about 250,000 soldiers. Though Vietnam had emerged a recognized military power when the war ended, yet the scars of the war had not left them because their business, industries and agriculture suffered a great deal due to the countryside been destroyed by land mines, bombs and heavy defoliation. The cultural face of Vietnam was defaced by this tragic war. The aftermath of the

Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Readings - Essay Example Future philosophers Jeffery Reiman concludes that the existing systems of justice could be the best system in the world if its ideology is used wealthily and therefore cooperation is needed from the people to put this unjust social order in order. Yes by the Paul G Cassel, a District could Judge in United States argues that on the basics of this Miranda Rule, the warren court criminal procedure juris Prudence rays extraordinary and unparalleled chains over the police department which is our important social department The police strongly objected the rule as it is obstructing the investigative proceedings. Even cartoonists ridiculously sketched the law and its practices. A 120-page report was also made suggesting to over rule and abandon Miranda Rule. Also the law holds god to only those who are innocent of any crime. But what is the need to respect a criminal. These anti social elements observe the least. These can be some intermediate rule by which the doubtful respect is to kept under Miranda rule Stephen J. Shhulhofer agrees to the rule and had a opinion. He assets that US require Miranda protection to accused victims. According to him the rule has to be regarded as a compulsory constitutional requirement, which doesn’t cause any potential damage to criminal which effective enforcing the law. Yes Akhil Reed Amar Yale law professor argues that the execution of law is resetting in wrongful acquits and erroneous convictions. As the reliable evidence is excluded from the traits, it is becoming easy and helping guilty ones. While the rule is leaving a throbbing experiences on this innocent defendants. Answer is No from Michigan law professor, Yale Kamisar who is feeling contended with this constitution are together in an agreement so that there is no place to illegally obtained evidence. The court doesn’t require passing any orders for lawless activities in the act of enforcement of

It Was Five Past Midnight at Bhopal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

It Was Five Past Midnight at Bhopal - Essay Example For those who wish to see how a disaster can evolve from seeds of carelessness, poverty and callousness, Five Past Midnight is a fascinating glimpse into a particular and dreadful case with immensely tragic consequences for an entire region. LaPierre and Moro (2002) note how the plant was a â€Å"hydra-headed† monster: It had a unit for alpha napthol, a unit for phosgene, a unit for methyl isocyanate, etc. â€Å"[C]ontrol rooms, works and hangers† over 120 acres with infrastructure. LaPierre and Moro make clear that the plants seemed superficially safe, but the whole concept was exploitative: People like â€Å"the Argentinian† resisted the size and the way it would keep on snaring out, taking over areas and controlling the population. But it came out of poverty. The people who had the best jobs were those climbing up high on the date trees, seeking out the nectar of the fruits, risking life and limb. The Bhopal factory, as horrible as it was and how terrible its catastrophe would be, was the best that could happen to the region, a boon. LaPierre and Moro make it immensely clear that Bhopal was not really an isolated incident: It emerged out of poverty, desperation and pain. LaPierre and Moro further connect Bhopal to other problems in the region. TED's Case Study of Bhopal does the same. â€Å" However, industrial accidents such as Bhopal are not just an Indian or even a Third World problem but are industrial disasters waiting to happen , whether they are in the form of "mini-Bhopals", smaller industrial accidents that occur with disturbing frequency in chemical plants in both developed and developing countries, and "slow-motion Bhopals", unseen chronic poisoning from industrial pollution that causes irreversible pain, suffering, and death... These are the key issues we face in a world where toxins are used and developed without fully knowing the harm that can come from their use or abuse† (1997). Bhopal was in fact connected to one of the most wide-eyed dreams in world history: The Green Revolution (LaPierre and Moro, 2002; TED, 1997). â€Å"The Bhopal facility was part of India's Green Revolution aimed to increase the productivity of crops. Considered an essential factor in the effort to achieve self-sufficiency in agricultural production, pesticide production use increased dramatically during the late 1960's and early 1970's. The decision to manufacture the pesticides in India, as opposed to relying on imports was based on India's goal of preserving foreign exchange and its policy of industrialization† (TED, 1997). This further connects Bhopal to a long history, which in the spirit of LaPierre and Moro we shall analyze. Khilnani (1999) reviews the history of a united India. India was not a historically unified entity: Through Marathas, Muslim invasions, Ashokas, Rajputs and other dynasties and groups, it was a massive area that was never unified in one region until the British. The artificiality of th is unified India was exposed most tragically, both to Nehru and Gandhi, in the Pakistan secession and the Hindu-Muslim conflicts of the post-independence period. Much like Germany, Prussia, Hungary and Austria, or Italy, the idea of the nation of India came about consciously by a program of unity. After the British were driven out, an â€Å"Indianness† was almost manufactured by both Gandhi and Nehru. This â€Å"Indianness† in the view of Nehru in particular, but certainly Gandhi as well, was to be a leader of the world, non-aligned between the extremes of Communism on the one end and capitalism on the other. They led the Third World movement and tried to navigate a compromise between Leninism and free markets. The Green Revolution was part of this: An attempt to catch India up again, bringing it

Cakes case study on ops & supply chain management - 1

Cakes on ops & supply chain management - Case Study Example nufacturing industry, the manner in which resources are handled, among them time, provides a measure of how productive the business model is and how much it is able to make use of 100% of the resources to result to 100% value and quality management. On the other hand, the retail industry which provides final consumers with consumer products makes use of the lean concept through the consideration of factors such as the channels of ordering, the human resource required, and the number of other factors to be considered between the time of order placement to the time of delivery to the consumer (Maleyeff, 2012). In the application of the lean concept, several factors are considered. Among these are resources that are directly in control of the business model at hand. This means that internal operations are the only operations the business model can control. However, it is observed that various considerations have to be considered when handling internal operations. For instance, it is observed that the number of factors affecting the productivity within a business model include time management. Time management and the utilization of other resources go hand in hand. The lean concept points that the operations of a company or a business model can be manipulated in manner that processes use the optimal resources under a defined and well strategized timeframe. In this case, while processes such as those involved in a bakery or confectionary companies, require various inputs aimed at bringing out one outcome. Under this example, it is observed that processes such as the ordering of ingredients fr om the companies’ inventories must ensure that orders are on time and dispatch of the ingredients is at par with other processes’ schedules. While processes such as the cleanup of equipment as well as the preparation of the next batch make use of time management and material management (Barrad, & Sipper, 1988). On the other hand, while inventory is a major component of the

Discuss the significance of the election of the 2008 in light of the Research Paper

Discuss the significance of the election of the 2008 in light of the 2010 elections (i.e. whether the election of 2008 represent - Research Paper Example This essay critically compares the 2008 elections with the 2010 elections and the changes witnessed thereof. The 2008 versus the 2010 US Elections The political realignment witnessed during the 2008 elections finds its roots in the momentum gained after the 2006 elections. The 2006 election saw a great level of success for the democrats as compared to other recent years. Around this time also, the Bush administration was starkly facing the economic recession and financial crisis hence it was loosing its fame. The main theme during the 2008 campaigns became the desire for reforms and change from Washington and the policies of George W. Bush, the outgoing republican president. Just before the end of the campaigns, other main issues that emerged included the economy and other domestic policies (Kenski et al 225). Due to the realignment, the 2008 election recorded a huge number of notable changes as compared to other recent elections. For example, since 1928, the 2008 election was the fi rst in which neither an incumbent president nor their vice participated in the presidential run. Jessee (198) states that it was also the first time since 1952 in which neither an incumbent vice or president was nominated as a candidate for the general national elections by his party. ... This means that despite the still existent preference for white candidates, the voters concentrated much more on other candidate features such as their manifestos. During the same year, the black vote for the president and other seats was also one of the highest in history and it amounted to 11%. As compared to all other elections held within the last 40 years, the voter turn out during the 2008 elections was the highest. This trend continued in 2010 giving an increased turn-over for mid-term elections. The elected president, president Obama, also received the highest votes ever to be cast for a president in history. Abramson et al (218) explains that four years before the 2008 elections, 9 US states had changed their alliance. In 2004, each one of them had voted for the republican nominee hence their political realignment in 2008 contributed greatly to Obama’s victory because their votes shifted to his favor. In the 2008 elections, all 435 the seats in the House were up for e lection. Out of these 435 seats, the democrats managed to gain a total of 21 seats hence stepping up their majority from 54.3-59.1%. After the election, the democrats controlled 27 of the states whereas the republicans controlled only 14 of such seats. For the first time since the Great Depression, the Governor’s mansion was controlled by the democrats. In terms of demographies, both the parties got at least 40% from all sizeable socio-economic classes except for the republican candidate who got 37%. They also received equal attention from college students but more of post graduate students sided with the republicans (Kenski et al 264). Obama got a greater percentage of urban votes in all towns as compared to

The world economy is in turmoil. Supermarkets are no different, as we Essay - 1

The world economy is in turmoil. Supermarkets are no different, as we discovered during the year - Essay Example The performance of supermarkets within the global financial crisis is the main issue addressed in this study. The examination of the relevant data has led to the assumption that not all firms operating in the supermarket sector had been adversely affected by the world recession; in fact, where appropriate strategic plans have been applied the performance of supermarkets has been increased. In any case, the financial crisis worldwide has created a strong turmoil the end of which cannot be identified – at least for the moment. Under these conditions, the performance of supermarkets worldwide has been declined – even if exceptions of good performance have been also noted in the international market. In Britain, the firms operating in the supermarket sector have suffered severe losses – also in this country there have been supermarkets that managed to handle the crisis and increase their performance, like in the case of Simsbury’s. In this paper, the effects o f the world recession on the supermarket sector are analyzed by referring to a specific firm: Waitrose. The specific firm failed in identifying and handling the risks related with the global recession and the changes in the customer preferences. This failure led to the limitation of the firm’s profits without signs for a fast recovery. The response of the specific firm to the challenges of the world recession has been proved inadequate – if taking into consideration the strategic plans used by its competitors. The examination of the British market – and especially of the supermarket sector – leads to an interesting findings: not all supermarkets in Britain have suffered loss of their profits because of the global financial crisis; the limitation of profitability of the firms operating in this sector has been rather the result of poor strategic management. The above assumption is verified using the principle of Breakeven; the use of this principle for

International and Intercultural Communication Essay Example for Free

International and Intercultural Communication Essay International and Intercultural Communications have been of great interest to the Hofstede Centre for many years. In fact Geert Hofstede’s dimensions of culture have been the most widely disseminated of all theories. Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions are, â€Å"1) Power Distance, 2) Individualism or Collectivism, 3) Masculinity-Femininity, 4) Uncertainty Avoidance, and 5) Short or Long Term Orientation.† (Donald Baack, 2012, Chapter 2.4). â€Å"Professor Geert Hofstede conducted one of the most comprehensive studies of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture. He analyzed a large database of employee value scores collected within IBM between 1967 and 1973. The data covered more than 70 countries, from which Hofstede first used the 40 countries with the largest groups of respondents and afterwards extended the analysis to 50 countries and 3 regions.† (The Hofstede Center, n.d.). In the next few pages I will compare the similarities and differences in scores between the countries of Croatia and Slovenia in relation to Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions as well as provide a scenario involving two organizations, one located in each country and their business practices relating to the different cultural perspectives. In the dimension of Power-Distance Croatia scores high with a score of 73 which means the people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. In this type of society people expect to be told what to do and this is accepted as the norm. (Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia also scored high in the dimension of Power-Distance with a score of 71. What this displays is two of the former eastern European countries, are very similar in their societal beliefs in hierarchal order and the populace was still routed in a culture where subordinates do as they are told by the boss and the boss is an aut ocrat in the bigger sense. In the second of the  five cultural dimensions Individualism or Collectivism, Croatia scored 33 which are considered a collectivistic society. â€Å"This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. In collectivist societies offence leads to shame and loss of face, employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms (like a family link); hiring and promotion decisions take account of the employee’s in-group, management is the management of groups.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia, had a score of 27 is also considered a collectivistic society just like we saw in Croatia. Once again the two bordering countries are nearly identical in their collectivist societie s. Our third dimension of Masculinity-Femininity resulted in a score of 40. With this score they are considered a relatively feminine society. Feminine societies focus on the theory of work to live. In a feminine society it is also common for managers to seek consensus. Even with such a disparity in scores and Slovenia’s’ score of 19 on this dimension, they too are considered more of a feminine society. Like the culture of Croatia they work to live and the people value things like equality, solidarity and pleasure in their working lives. â€Å"Conflicts are resolved by compromise and negotiation. Incentives such as free time and flexibility are favored. Focus is on well-being, status is not shown.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). The fourth dimension of Uncertainty Avoidance resulted in a score of 80 signifying a very high preference for avoiding uncertainty. As stated in the Hofstede report, â€Å"Countries exhibiting high uncertainty avoidance maintain rigid codes o f belief and behavior and are intolerant of unorthodox behavior and ideas. In these cultures there is an emotional need for rules (even if the rules never seem to work) time is money, people have an inner urge to be busy and work hard, precision and punctuality are the norm, innovation may be resisted, security is an important element in individual motivation.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia also scored quite high with an 88 signifying they too choose to avoid uncertainty and need rules regardless of the effectiveness of them. Our final dimension is the dimension of Short or Long Term Orientation. In the comparison statistics this is referred to as  pragmatism and indulgence. Croatia achieved scores of 58 and 33 respectively. These figures indicate that the Croatian society believe truth is dependent on situations, context of what is said and the time. â€Å"They show an ability to adapt traditions easily to changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and invest thriftiness, and perseverance in achieving results.† (The Hofstede Cen tre, n.d.). The 33 score received for indulgence is an indication of a restrained country. â€Å"Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies, restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong.† (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). Slovenia had scores of 49 in pragmatism and 48 in indulgence. These scores both result in no clear preference for one or the other. As I have demonstrated by comparing the results for these two countries, bordering countries can be quite similar in some aspects of International and Intercultural Communications but quite different in others. As an example if I opened a car repair business or franchise in these two countries and expected them to work together some of the things I could expect is, they both would struggle with working together since they both prefer autocratic leaders and operate under the concept of being told what to do. What this means to me is that regardless if I am physically there with them or providing communication from afar they will execute all actions to benefit the business in a positive manner. These societies rely on face and losing face through failure is not an option they accept easily. In contrast to this is they both enjoy the benefits of family time, strong ties to immediate and extended family (the organization), managers often seek consensus and conflict is resolved through compromise and negotiation. This later part about conflict resolution is because both societies are feministic in nature and as we all know, women are often times more level headed and less apt to fly off the hand le over little issues that can be resolved in an agreeable manner when thought out and discussed properly. This could be beneficial or difficult since us Americans believe in more time at work than time with family in today’s working environment. I believe this is an instance where I would need to adjust my work ethic in order to  gain more from these two countries in keeping with their societal beliefs and standards. From my perception of Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions is that two companies in these two countries of Croatia and Slovenia would work very well together and in fact complement one another nicely, leading to great success for the organization. What I have done in the past few pages is to demonstrate the similarities and differences in scores between the countries of Croatia and Slovenia in relation to Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions as well as provided you with the scenario involving two organizations, one located in each country and their business practices relating to the different cultural perspectives. I believe Hofstede’s five dimens ions were quite relevant when originally complied and are still quite relevant today. References Baack, D., Management Communication, 2012. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUBUS600.12.1 Mind Tools Ltd, 1996-2014. Retrieved from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm The Hofstede Centre, National Cultural Dimensions, n.d. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html The Hofstede Centre, National Cultural Dimensions, n.d. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/croatia.html

A Case Study On Aspergers Syndrome Education Essay

A Case Study On Aspergers Syndrome Education Essay The Aspergers Syndrome is a mild form of autism which is seen in children of school bearing age. Yet since it is a mild form of the neurobiological disorder, some children who are suffering from Aspergers Syndrome are enrolled in mainstream classroom in order to interact with other children without the disability. This research will disclose how a child who is suffering from Aspergers Syndrome might react into the learning development when they are exposed with other students. Over the years it has been noticed that it is not always in the best interests of children with Aspergers Syndrome, a mild form of autism to be working in groups in a mainstream classroom for their social development. Yet recent studies show that incorporating Aspergers children in mainstream schools might be able to help the childs social development. Those children whose needs are not at the severe end of the spectrum disorder were successfully included in mainstream schools and were able to cope accordingly. There will be a need for flexibility and recognition that the child may need some approaches different to those used for other learners. These techniques and practices will be disclosed in the latter parts of the paper. Currently the writer is working with a child who was diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Though the child displays a mild form of autism, the child was enrolled in a mainstream school. Due to this, the researcher would want to determine how a mainstream classroom would be able to support this child. According to Downshen (2010), there are few facilities which specialises in providing the special needs of children diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Some of the children with this disorder were placed in mainstream schools, and their development would depend greatly upon the support and encouragement they can receive from parents, teachers, caregivers, and peers. For those other families, they prefer to place their children in a specialised institution for those with learning disabilities or autism. Many people with Aspergers Syndrome can function accordingly in most aspects, so the condition does not limit a childs development and success in academic and social standing. They will still be able to cope and learn as well as their peers in the classroom (ibid). Accordingly, in a study conducted by Epp (2008), she has indicated that kids with Aspergers Syndrome can still excel in mainstream classrooms and be enrolled in public schools. Since some schools do not accept children who have violent and screening behaviors, there is an instrument being used by schools to determine the verbal and cognitive skills of children. This tool will be discussed in detail in the latter parts of the study. Aspergers Syndrome is named after Hans Asperger, a paediatrician who first described the behaviour patterns which defines the illness. In 1940s, most of Aspergers patients who were suffering from the condition were males. Though they had normal language development and intelligence, the boys were impaired in their social skills, and have poor motor skills and coordination, as well as inefficient when communicating with other peers (Downshen, 2010). The illness was then diagnosed as a mild form of autism by the Asperger Syndrome Coalition of the United States. Most patients who suffer from the illness are children in the ages of 3 to 9 (Ibid). It is characterized by displaying poor social interactions, odd speech patterns, obsessive behaviours, and other unusual mannerisms in the age group of the child. Medical practitioners and educational staff were able to determine who among the children displays Aspergers Syndrome since sufferers have limited facial expressions and some were known to be obsessive in their routines. A small change in routine might set a tantrum, wherein the child would have unusual sensitivity to given sensory stimuli, such as sensing a bright light which the other kids are not able to see, and hearing a high-pitched sound which was unheard by other children. According to Downshen (2010), most children with Aspergers Syndrome were able to function and cope normally in daily activities. Aside from some odd behaviors and being socially immature, there are few other indicators that a child might be suffering from the illness. A child with Aspergers Syndrome might have motor delays, limited interests which would depend on routines, clumsiness, and unusual preoccupations. They tend to be aloof from other children with no social understanding of their actions. When they enter adulthood, they would have difficulty in demonstrating empathy for their peers, as well as be socially unable to relate to their peers. Some say that the disease lasts a lifetime with no immediate cures, yet the symptoms could wane over time, and early detection of the disease could help the child development in the areas wherein they need support (ibid). Similarly, Aspergers Syndrome is a part of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism Spectrum Disorders are a wide-range of developmental disabilities which includes but are is not limited to autism and other neurobiological disorders with similar characteristics and symptoms (ibid).The term spectrum disorders is made in such a way that symptoms are similar with each other, and though there different combinations of such symptoms, the degree of the illnesses severity could be on completely opposing sides. For example, two children might be diagnosed with the same neurobiological disorder, yet they might display different coping mechanisms and speeches. One might be extremely intelligent in academic works, but lacking in coordination skills in sports, whilst the other might be extremely gifted in physical activities, yet have a hard time coping with academic reports. There is a wide range of skills and abilities which could affect a child who is suffering from spectrum disorders (ibid). The study will only focus on the autism behaviour of Aspergers Syndrome, which is a mild form of autism. The researcher will not include studies and references for other forms of behaviours, and is limited on the study for AS only. The researcher does not wish to find a cure for the disorder, but aims to determine how to help children with AS be able to cope properly in mainstream classrooms without compromising their ability to learn. The research will focus on one case study of a boy with AS whom the researcher is currently working with. This boy is enrolled in a mainstream school and a mainstream classroom, both of which information will not be disclosed for the sake of keeping the boys personality and the schools name anonymous. The researcher does not wish to make the boy and the school as inanimate objects of the study, but would rather use them as a means of gathering information for the general welfare of children with AS. Lastly, the research will not include other documented cases of AS aside from the case study, except for references sake for the literature review. The educational instructors and practitioners in the said school will be interviewed for their opinions about the behaviour of the boy, and how he is able to cope in the mainstream school with his peers of the same age. The final format of this paper will contain six chapters. The first chapter is for the introduction, wherein the basics of the research would be disclosed. The Introduction would also contain the research questions and objectives. This would be followed by the second chapter which is the literature review which will inform the readers of what are articulately known today about the topic. All literatures which will be reviewed will be followed by the researchers narratives, explanations and opinions about them about the information they contain. There would be a confidentiality agreement between the participants of the case study, interviews, and other participants in the study. Before the start of the case study, the researcher will ask for the permission of parents and caregivers of the peers and classmates of the boy with AS. These caregivers and parents might have qualms about involving their children in such a study, but there could also be those who would willingly give their children the chance to be involved in such a complex study which could help children with AS in the future. After gaining the permission of the caregivers of children, the researcher will then set up the period of case study for the child with AS, and his educational providers and instructors. The researcher would establish the environment and basics of the case study, and will prepare all the needed materials to create a holistic environment. Finally, the researcher would give all educational instructors and participants their own forms for confidentiality agreement. They would be assured that their personal information will not be disclosed to any third party, and all results of the study would be purely academic. 3.8 Data Collection Methods Both primary and secondary data methodologies would be utilized in this research. The following would be the sources of data and information: 3.8.1 Primary Data All the primary data would be gathered from the primary sources of information of the researcher. These methodologies would be comprised of the case study, observation, and interviews with concerned individuals such as primary caregivers, parents, peers, and teachers of the child. They will be asked and gauged according to their proximity with the topic, as well as their experiences in coordinating with the child with AS. The primary data will also be taken from the researchers observation of the participants. These observations would be able to say a lot about the details of the research such as the credibility of their narratives and experiences. They will be asked about their experiences, and the researcher would be able to see how accurate their responses are based on their facial expressions and reasoning. 3.8.2 Secondary Data The secondary data would be derived from the contextual analysis to be done by the researcher. The researcher would perform a thorough and diverse investigation of the topic about recently published materials and articles for the line of research. The author would also indicate which among the materials are the most relevant to the study. 3.9 Conclusion The researcher would be an explanatory research with the interpretative approach which would be used to explain how the boy is coping up in a mainstream situation, as well as accurately interpret the situations and consequences of what the case study. After thoroughly explaining the researchs methodologies, the researcher have clarified the following: Case study the case study would be used in order to observe the child from his natural environment and how he is coping in a mainstream classroom for normal children. By having the case study, the researcher would be able to actively comprehend how practitioners could provide the child with adequate care for his situation. Observation the researcher would use the power of observation, such as observation sheets and narratives which would be compiled and scrutinized upon completion of the materials and data. Interviews people with close ties to the child would be interviewed for their intervention and advices about the topic, as well as how the child copes in an everyday setting. Contextual analysis by using this research method, the researcher would be able to understand how other experienced individuals have dealt with the research topic. These methods would help the research determine how working in a mainstream classroom will support a child with Aspergers Syndrome. He will also be gauged based on his ability to cope with other children who do not have neurobehavioral disorder, and how his learning in the classroom impacts the learning of other people. The researchs aims would be closely tied with the research methodologies. The data would be analyzed in a timely and accurate manner. The researcher would only focus on one child with Aspergers Syndrome, and focus on how he is coping and what are his needs in a mainstream environment. Doing such will keep the research accurate and valid. The narratives of other involved people would be judged according to their reactions and based on the observation, which would be based on how they react and answer questions. With the researcher asking in such close proximity, there would be little room for untruthful narratives.

how does Australian Parliament make laws :: essays research papers

Parliament, as the sovereign lawmaking body is one source of law. It makes legislation via passing bills to make laws that abide by social cohesion and maintain social progress, such as sanctions imposed for murder under the Criminal Law Consolidation Act SA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A political party affiliates it’s self with specific views and moral and promises to initiate or support certain legislations to its supporters. When candidates become members of either the Senate or House of Representatives they are morally obliged to uphold these view but are not confined to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pre-legislation stage consists of someone coming up with an idea for a bill which is presented to the cabinet, they must approve the principles of the bill for it to reach the next stage which is the drafting of the bill. This part consists of Parliamentary counsel drafting the bill. This is a government body of trained lawyers which job is to draft a bill whilst making sure that it is not contradicting to current legislation or the constitution. When a formal and legitimate bill is drafted it can then be initiated into the originating house. This involves the bill being tabled for the first reading along with a notification to the house of new proposal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first reading involves the bills title being read by the clerk of the house. There is no literal reading of the bill and the bill is approved on the basis of a voice call of members for approval.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediately usually after this the second reading commences. The intent of the legislation is discussed along with the broad principles by the ministers. The stage usually has no debate however the opposition can reply with approval or disapproval and can also make suggestions for amendments. Then there is a vote on voice, this consist of ‘Ayes’=yes or No’s, if unclear members can ask for a division which is where members will physically move to left of the house for approval or right for disapproval. This is recorded in hamsard so if needed can be referred to at a later time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next stage is Committee of the whole where the bill can be debated by members informally. Each clause is scrutinised and amendments are made. The proposing minister is quizzed about the bill and a vote takes place however if an agreement was obtained in the second reading then this stage is not needed.

The First World War (WWI) :: World War 1 I One

WWI Web activity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The propaganda at that time was aimed at was aimed the working class of the U.S. The propaganda was directed to the average person, or people that the government thought would help support the war. My first picture shows a little girl asking her dad to but her a war bond. It trying to imply that every family should go out a get a war bond. That little girl is trying to imply to the world that that buying a war bond is a cute or necessary in order to keep a little girl happy. A father never wants to see his little girl cry so he usually gets her what she wants. The government is trying to imply that everyone has to buy a war bond in order to help the little girl (U.S) in order for it to be happy. So the average person might feel somewhat required to go and buy a war bond to keep the U.S happy. Also the image is trying to show that the little war bond is for a good cause. Little children sometimes try say that they will be good in return for the gift. The reality is that the war bonds weren’t doing anything except letting thousand of soldier die for issue that was happening on the other side of the pacific.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  War is probably something that this little girl didn’t want to promote. But she did and she made it seem like if this was a giant wedding or a happy occasion. But in reality war is this torturous place were one side wins just because they have the better weapons or strategy. But in the process killing thousand s of innocent kids. Also when they die there was no one to give them a proper funeral. They were left there to die in mass graves or were left there for parasites to eat their body.

Lord of the Flies Essay -- essays research papers

Lord of the Flies and the novel’s symbolism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lord of the flies is a thought-provoking novel authored by William Golding. This novel uses symbolism throughout its entirety to help portray importance and teach lessons. The book describes in detail the horrific exploits of a band of young children who make a striking transition from civilized to barbaric. Lord of the Flies commands a pessimistic outlook that seems to show that man is inherently tied to society, and without it, we would likely return to savagery. Golding does not come right out and show this however he uses symbolism to allow this idea to show. There are many different examples of symbolism in the Novel included are Piggy’s Glasses, the beast and fire. Perhaps the most symbolic of these is fire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the novel fire served many, varied uses. Fire was used for warmth during the cold nights. It also created smoke, which served as a signal to potential rescuers. Perhaps the most basic, yet most important use for fire was for cooking. Without it the boys would not have been able to roast the pigs. The importance for fire was not at first understood by the boys. In Chapter Four the fire is out while a ship is spotted in the distance. If the fire was lit it could have been used to make smoke. In turn the smoke may have been used to signal the ship and save the boys. When questioned by Ralph, Jack and the others spew countless excuses to why the fire was...

Speech: Stop Bullying in the U.S.

Six months ago I read about a cheerful, vivacious, ten-year-old girl, Ashlynn Connor, an honor roll student and a cheerleader, who dreamed of becoming a veterinarian. However, one year ago, Ashlynn’s dreams came to an abrupt end. One year ago, Ashlynn’s sister found her dead, hanging from a scarf in her bedroom closet. One year ago, Ashlynn Conner committed suicide. This ten-year-old girl felt so desperate, so alone, so hopeless, that she took her own life. Ashlynn Conner killed herself because she was bullied.Her classmates called her ‘whore’, ‘slut’, and ‘fat ass’ every day. Every day she was rejected, humiliated, and harassed by her classmates. And sadly, no one stopped it. Her friends didn’t stop it, her teacher didn’t stop it, no one stopped it, so Ashlynn stopped it the only way she knew how. This is just one instance of a pervasive problem. Every year, ten million students in the United States are bullied; 2 mi llion are cyber bullied, 3. 5 million are physically bullied, and 4. 5 million are verbally bullied.Beyond the immediate effects of sadness and hurt, many victims hurt themselves, drop out of school, act violently, get involved with drugs, commit suicide, and develop depression. And this doesn’t just affect a few of us; it affects all of us. All of us have friends, or cousins, or nephews, or nieces, or brothers, or sisters, or kids who will one day attend, or who currently attend school. With the prevalence of bullying, there is a very high chance that someone you care about will encounter a bully, that someone you care about will be bullied, and that someone you care about will get hurt.Take a moment to imagine what it would be like. Imagine what it would be like for someone you loved to be laughed at, pushed around, to have her head shoved into a locker, to be ignored by her peers, to find a note in her desk with the word ‘loser’ written on it. Imagine how upse t you would be. It is our responsibility, as students and as human beings, to help these kids. When Ashlynn was bullied, nobody stood up for her. She went to her teachers for help; they told her to stop tattling.She went to her friends for help; they told her they were too scared to help. This is very common. Teachers often overlook bullying, ignore bullying, or respond to bullying ineffectively, while students, on the other hand, allow bullying to continue because they are afraid of becoming targets themselves, or because they think someone else will intervene, or because they don’t know any better. Teachers and students rarely intervene when it comes to bullying. According to national anti-bullying organizations, only 15 % of bullying incidents are intervened in. 5%. In school, 15% is an F, a failure. And that’s what this is; this is a failure. Teachers and fellow students are failing to stand up for the bullied. Our society is failing to stand up for the bullied. Te n million kids are bullied every year, and nobody is standing up for them. It is evident that we cannot leave things as they are. Millions of kids are being bullied, and nobody is stopping it. We must encourage teachers and students to step in and speak up.We must educate them about the costs of bullying, and teach them how to stop it. We must take action. Fortunately, two organizations, Champions Against Bullying and Pacer’s National Bullying Prevention Center are taking action. Each organization has a unique approach. Champions Against Bullying offers in person workshops for students and schoolteachers where they learn what bullying is, what its costs are, how to prevent it, and how to stop it when it does occur. Pacer’s takes a different approach.It provides online resources such as toolkits, action plans, and learning games that teachers use to educate their students. YOU can increase the influence of each of these organizations. You can tell your friends, tell you r family, and tell your local schoolteachers. You can donate or volunteer by going to championsagainstbullying. com or www. pacer. org/bullying. If we do this, we will strengthen the anti-bullying movement. If we do this, we can look forward to a future where people do not tolerate any form of bullying, and kids are accepted for who they are.Once it was acceptable to use the word homo, to use the word fag, to use the word retard, to use the word Jap, to have segregated schools, segregated housing, to smoke at work, to not wear seat belts. These things are no longer acceptable because people, people like us, decided they are unacceptable. And if we work hard enough, we can make bullying unacceptable too. Ashlynn dreamed of becoming a veterinarian. I think Ashlynn's had another dream, a dream of a future in which she wasn't bullied, a dream of a time when bullying was no longer tolerated.We can help Ashlynn’s other dream come true. We can make bullying unacceptable. I look forw ard to a future where  EVERYONE will be treated graciously. I look forward to a future where  kids like Ashlynn will not have to die in order to stop being bullied. I look forward to a future where  people will stand up for those put down. I want a future in which my children are not at risk of being bullied, a future in which your children are not at risk of being bullied. We can make Ashlynn's other dream come true. (pause) If we want to.

Social Responsibility of Business

However, in the 21st century it is a firms' responsibility to create a broader range of value along what is called the Triple Bottom Line, which consists of people, planet, and profits. Although financial profit is vital for a firm to exist, the intangible benefits that come from operating with society and the environment in mind go way beyond pure financial gain. As a manager, hiring hard-working and competent individuals to work for your firm is obviously important, but it is often not enough.Your employees are takeovers Just like you, your customers, your suppliers, and even the firm's shareholders. Taking their concerns into consideration, and allowing them to express themselves openly and honestly can make them much happier employees. Happy employees provide better quality customer service, which leads to happier customers. Happier customers lead to more business, which leads to happy investors. In other words, making your employees happy can have prosperous results.Although con ducting â€Å"green† business is expensive and may require costly investments depending on what industry a firm is in, we are obligated as a planet to move in that direction. Practices like pollution and deforestation, along with byproducts like CA emissions are very rough on the environment, and unless we engage in cleaner, more sustainable practices, we may cause irreversible damage to the planet. A quote comes to mind, although I don't remember where I heard it from: â€Å"If you think economics is more important than the environment, try counting your money while holding your breath. Yes, it's a bit extreme, but it effectively puts the importance of the environment into perspective, and reminds us that there are future generations relying on our consideration and treatment of the environment. I hope that businesses in the 21st century will take more accommodative and proactive strategies toward CARS practices than their historical counterparts. Due to the costly nature o f CARS related activities, I doubt that all organizations will truly support CARS activities, and will continue to take reactive and defensive stances regarding CARS.Being realistic, however, we can see that CARS is becoming a hot topic mongo firms around the world, which means Coos and other shareholders are likely to begin to push their company's in that direction. It may be because the shareholders are genuinely concerned with ongoing social issues and the sustainability of our environment, or it may be because the CEO simply wants to promote their company in a positive way to the public. Either way, it seems that CARS will become much more accepted and practiced as the 21st century progresses. Both the benefits of implementing CARS activities and the inevitable costs of ignoring them cannot be denied.

Marketing Strategy of Innocent Drinks Essay

1: Introduction Every organization needs to have a marketing strategy so that they know who are their competitors, which market they need to target, do they have resources to compete in that market and what strategies they need to adopt to gain competitive position in the industry. The most important thing is with the help of marketing, company is able to make people aware of its product. This report focuses on how the company innocent drinks developed their marketing strategy in terms of brand positioning and marketing mix and with the help of SWOT analysis, what further actions they can take to maintain their market share. 2: Innocent Drinks 2.1: Profile After starting the business in 1998 in a friendly way, innocent drinks have become a very established brand now. Innocent has become ten years old this year. It is now the largest smoothie brand in UK and the fourth largest overall. The company has achieved a sale of over 100m pounds within a span of ten years and it has now around 250 employees. The company has won many awards from the year they have started. Its main competitors are Tropicana and own label brands which are still quite behind in terms of market share. 2.2: Company products Innocent drinks has a long range of products which they claim to be made up of pure and fresh fruit and which are free from any kind of preservatives. Their products include smoothies, yogurt drinks, thickies, kids smoothies (taking account of those fruits which children like the most), pure fruit squeezes. Their products are available in different sizes and shapes. The  company developed their logo required for a brand in an unconventional manner and now it is famous as dude. 3: Marketing strategy and analysis 3.1: Marketing objectives The company has highlighted the importance of their smoothie by injecting in peoples mind that drinking smoothie is part of their healthy lifestyle. The company’s objectives are that their product should be delicious, healthy and sustainable and their vision is to make world healthy by providing their products. 3.2: Analysis People are becoming more health conscious and that is what the Innocent highlighted among its consumers to increase its customer base and loyalty. â€Å"95% of our marketing strategy is what goes in the bottle,† as said by Reed. The company is not using latest marketing strategies, they are upbeat with the fact that their customers are happy. The company has restricted its marketing and branding to its packaging. The company didn’t involve in heavy advertisements in the beginning, instead they use their product as a mean to communicate with their consumers. The owners were in favor of print to advertise their product so they had it on the bus sides which will move everywhere in the UK. Innocent has a mixture of both market orientation and product orientation. Developing a user friendly website, publishing a book, inviting people to visit the company’s headquarter, banana telephone where customers can give suggestions and view are clear signs of market oriented co mpany. Secondly, they are quality conscious. They consider their product a fruit and not made of fruits and that is what they want to see in the eyes of their customer. The prices of their product are high but they justify it on the basis of quality by saying that preservatives and concentration reduces the cost and they want the best thing for their consumers. But the company’s over confidence regarding its product being the best and healthy one may divert its attention from customer needs and demands. Because the competitors may come with same nutritional values but better taste, it can then be a threat to a company. The company has a marketing team which is  involved in analysing competition and come up with new ideas regarding the products and strategies. And there is a communication team also which make an effective communication link with its consumers by website, news and feedback. 3.2.1: Brand strategy and positioning Branding creates value for the product and it influences everyone directly or indirectly. Innocent made their brand stand out from the crowd by adopting innovative ways of marketing and that was their beginning in differentiating their product from their competitors Brand name is very critical and it should be consistent with what the company is trying to deliver and how it wants to be perceived by customers. By establishing brand name as â€Å"innocent†, the company is trying to convey the message of being pure. Branding has been effectively used as a strategic tool for marketing by innocent smoothies and that helps the company to maintain its share in the market or in keeping its competitive position. Innocent has developed its brand image by providing excellent satisfaction, by being genuine, healthy and socially responsible in the eyes of their consumers and once the image is developed, they were able to attract the customers. It is because of brand and its perceived value that consumers are loyal and committed to the Innocent products and they do not look for any substitutes (Ginden, 1993). Customers also perceive it less risky in buying a brand product with which they are emotionally attached. It is more important for products like innocent drinks which the customers have to consume and which has direct impact on their health and body. For keeping a brand alive, it is very important to go for heavy promotions and advertisements and innocent drinks have used their resources very affectively in promotion (O’Malley, 1991). Innocent drinks have also taken a move to stay in touch with its consumers by making a family section. It is a method of communication and reminding the consumers about the products and also to get feedback from customers. The company is using family branding policy as all of its products use the company name. This reduces the cost of having different brand policies for different products. The key to positioning is to make it important in the eyes of consumer that you are incomplete without the product and on the  basis of this, innocent smoothies has kept their customers intact with them. Innocent smoothie is considered a premium brand by its consumers as they relate high cost and high quality with the product as compared to its competitors. The following figure is as perception of customers about Innocent drinks. 3.2.2: Marketing mix To make the product successful, company needs not only the products but a mixture of elements which is called marketing mix. The marketing mix is usually designed with the help of marketing research and it is also based on judgment. Every element of marketing mix compliment each other so efficient integration is required to make it successful. Innocent company has used the marketing mix quite efficiently and effectively. Product: Innocent produces fresh and healthy drinks for its customers. The company has a lot of product range including juices, smoothies, thickies, veg. pots and some of their drinks target specific customers as drinks for the kids. The drinks are available in different sizes and in different packings. Their main focus is to keep things natural and they are also very much conscious about the fruits and the farms from where it comes. Innocent smoothies distinguish themselves from other brands on the basis of purity and being 100% natural without preservatives, concentrates and colorings. The company has also described the negative consequences of concentration and that a product loses its quality, taste and nutritional value and it is done just to reduce cost and making more money. The company makes its drinks with little carbon impact. Same is the case with the recycling. Most of their packing is 100% recyclable and they are making efforts to use minimum material and that too with little carbon footprint. Some people are also fascinated from the product just because of the labeling and packaging. Labeling helps in promoting a brand and provides useful information about the product. So innocent drinks made their labeling very different and the kind of which can amuse and make people to give a second look at it. Innocent drinks is enjoying product width from smoothies to veg. pots as well as product length in terms of different flavors which are available to  consumers and that has really helped the company to maintain its market share and a protection against the current uncertainty occurred in the economic environment. Price: There are number of factors that can have an impact on the price. The company is charging high prices as compared to its competitors and still has the largest market share. It has been possible only because of the brand name and positioning. Since the company justifies its high cost with the high quality they are providing to its consumers, so their prices are also at premium level. People paying a premium price because now they have an emotional attachment developed with the brand But since the economic crunch has affected everyone so people are becoming more price sensitive and that is the reason that innocent drinks has lost some market share this year. The company emphasized that it is less expensive to purchase innocent smoothie than to buy fruit and make it at your own. Promotion: Innocent is carrying out various activities to create awareness about the product among the new or potential consumers and to remind and convince the current purchasers to go for the product. The company uses different methods of promotion from advertisement to personnel selling. They have done advertising and sales promotion very effectively. Innocent has used different approach for its marketing by targeting consumers of different products with different advertisements and campaigns. Website is always an effective method to communicate, promote and making relationship with the consumers. Banana phone is used to get feedback from the customers. Customers are allowed to visit their offices. This strategy is used to develop strong relationship with them. Innocent has also taken support from television commercials and they are using it since 2005. Moreover, to make people aware about their products, the company once made a very big compaign on the television and it regularly arranges festivals as well. Innocent used all the leading newspapers for their advertisement. Online advertising such as on facebook has also been used by innocent as a strategy for promotion. Innocent has also developed public relations. The company has been engaged in certain social projects such as giving money to charity, providing drink for homeless etc which are important for long term sustainability of business and to have a good image in the eyes of your consumers. Place: In the beginning, Innocent used the local shop for its products but as the popularity of products multiplied, the company gradually gained a great market share. The company has found a unique method of selling and distributing their products using cow vans. Innocent drinks use intensive distribution strategy by placing their product in as many places and outlet as possible. The company strategy has been shifted from push to pull as being the largest seller in UK and successful brand name, consumers demand the product. It is now available in more than 7000 retail outlets including the big names as Sainsbury, Tesco, Asda and coffee shops like Starbucks. Export has already been started by the company in Europe and Ireland. Children also got greater access to smoothies after the company made a contract with the company offering catering services to school. After the investment by the coke in the company, innocent will now have more distribution channels and will have access to new places as well. 3.2.3: SWOT analysis SWOT analysis has been carried out to evaluate where the innocent smoothies is standing with respect to the market position. It also helps innocent to analyze how strength can be used to exploit opportunities and how weaknesses can be overcome to avoid possible threats. Strengths * brand name / value already developed * company image * customer loyalty * market leader * distribution channels * investment by coca cola * wide product range and substitutes for breakfast / fruits| Weaknesses * high prices as compared to competitors * lower take up among old people * not popular in evening times * can be made at home and even in cafes and shops| Opportunities * new products for evening which enhances night sleep * emerging markets showing increase every year in market growth * global expansion| Threats * competitors (Tropicana) and products by supermarkets as Tesco * new entrants because of market potential * price sensitive people * credit  crunch can affect demand | Why are concentrates so rubbish? We believe that food companies should do everything they can to get food to people in its natural state. A concentrated orange juice is OJ that has been boiled, then evaporated in a vacuum and then homogenised, resulting in a thick tar. This is then frozen and shipped to countries where it is defrosted, reconstituted with water and has ‘add backs’ added (to enhance flavour and aroma). The concentration process not only affects the nutritional value of the juice but also the taste. All the good stuff gets boiled away and you’re left with a sugary syrup which then has to have lots of horrid stuff added back afterwards to make it taste like fruit again. Basically, concentrated juice tastes cooked, has virtually no nutritional value and that’s why we won’t ever use concentrates. It has to be pure fruit for us. How should I look after and store your drinks? Please please please keep our drinks cold. We can’t stress that enough. Because we don’t use any preservatives or other artificial stuff that might make them last a bit longer, they need to be well cared for. They should be stored between 0-5 ° C, which, luckily enough, is the temperature of your average fridge. So stick them in the chiller as soon as you get home from the shops, or if you’re saving a bit for later, don’t leave it on your desk – pop it back in the fridge for a while. Once opened, we reckon our drinks are best drunk on the same day, although as previously mentioned you should refrigerate them between sips. If you leave them out of the fridge, they will eventually start to ferment. This is a completely safe, natural process but it means the smoothie goes fizzy. It normally causes tiny bubbles in the drink. Click here to find out more about fermentation. If you suspect a drink to be fermented, please dispose of the contents of the bo ttle and contact us at hello@innocentdrinks.co.uk or call the banana phone on 020 8600 3939 with details about the bottle or carton and its enjoy by date. So, please do keep our smoothies nice and cold. ^ back to top How long do they last? Our drinks are made from 100% pure fruit and nothing else. Because we don’t use preservatives, stabilisers or additives they generally last about as long as a pint of milk. Please always keep them chilled and drink them on the same day you open them. Can I freeze your smoothies? Our smoothies are made of nothing but whole crushed fruit and pure juices, so it’s completely safe to freeze them. However, we don’t really recommend it because they taste much better fresh. To be more specific, bananas don’t freeze well; when they defrost they go brown and a bit slimy. Check out this picture of a fresh banana and one that’s defrosted. We know which we would rather drink. If you do decide to freeze one of our smoothies, please make sure you defrost it in the fridge so it stays chilled at all times and note that this might take as long as 3 days. You should also drink it on the day of defrosting. What is love? Baby don’t hurt me, don’t hurt me, no more. Do you have any drinks that don’t contain banana? Our kiwis, apples & limes smoothie (also available in 1 litre cartons) and yoghurt, vanilla bean & honey thickie are both completely banana free. Are your products organic? No they’re not organic. We want to minimise pesticide and other agrochemical usage on our fruit, and this is one of the requirements of both the Rainforest Alliance and also the innocent minimum standards for our fruit growers. Both sets of standards also ban the use of any of the ‘dirty dozen’ pesticides as listed by the Pesticide Action Network. To ensure the safety of our drinks we conduct independent tests on our ingredients, at an  accredited laboratory, throughout the harvest calender. Of the test results with anything being detected at all, these detections fall well within the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) that you are allowed. Each year our policy will be reviewed and testing procedures will be updated. And what about all of those plastic bottles? Since January 2008, all our smoothie recipes are in 100% recycled PET* plastic. We’ve been working on this project for quite a while. In 2003 we started using bottles made from 25% recycled plastic and in 2006 improved it to 50% recycled. All the time, people told us that it would be impossible to get to 100%, but we tried and tried and tried again. And now we’re here. 100%. It means a 20% reduction in materials (we’ve made the bottle lighter) and a 55% carbon reduction in terms of the bottle’s manufacture. It’s a big step for a little company. We’re very proud. *PET stands for ‘polyethylene terephthalate’. Clear plastic, in other words, said our Stu, who knows about these things. So can I recycle your plastic bottles and tetra pak cartons? We’ve got a whole section on our website dedicated to this. You can check it out here. ^ back to top Are your products suitable for vegans? Smoothies – We’re afraid as we can’t guarantee that our drinks are shellac free, due to the small chance that tiny amounts of shellac do make it into our drinks, we can’t class our drinks as being suitable for vegans. Thickies – no (they contain dairy produce and honey). Are your products suitable for pregnant women? Yes. Although we’ve heard that some of them prefer coal. Can infants and children drink your products? Infants under 12 months shouldn’t drink our vanilla and honey bean thickies. The Food Standards Agency says that honey should not be given to infants under 12 months old because of the small risk of botulism. Infantile  botulism occurs when honey contains Clostridium Botulinum spores, which infect the infant gut that then produces the toxin. This is not a problem for anyone aged more than 12 months. Regarding children in general, our smoothies, thickies and juices are OK – they contain nothing but crushed and juiced fruit (and low-fat bio yoghurt in the thickies), so the health properties should be welcome for kids who quite like sweets and crisps too. But it should be noted that our smoothies and juices contain a large amount of naturally occurring fruit sugars. For this reason you can add water to dilute them if you like. The FSA also recommends that for children, you should try to keep fruit juice to mealtimes. In general, look on the ingredients panel and check the amount of fruit in each bottle. If it seems like a reasonable amount of fruit, then it will be OK. If you don’t usually give your child this much fruit, then adjust the amount accordingly. We make a range of drinks specifically for children which you can find out about here. They’ve got less bits in them, as children seem to prefer their smoothies that way. Do you think I should dye my hair? No. I’ve always thought that blonde suited you. Why do you always use apples, oranges and bananas in your smoothies? These three fruits are a bit like the salt and pepper of the fruit world, except there are three of them. We use them for natural sweetness (apples), natural sharpness (oranges) and natural thickness (bananas). It beats using artificial stuff. So why don’t you call your mangoes and passion fruits smoothie â€Å"apples, mangoes and passion fruits†? We name our smoothies according to whichever flavours you can taste the most. So we feel if we were to start calling the smoothies â€Å"apples, mangoes and passion fruits,† it would be a bit misleading, as what you really taste when you take a mouthful are the mangoes and passion fruits. All of the ingredients are printed in full on the label, so it’s not like we’re trying to be sneaky or anything. Do your products contain nuts? Our veg pots may contain traces of nuts but our smoothies and juices contain no nuts whatsoever (which keeps the squirrels happy). Are your drinks GM-free? Yes they are. How do you make sure your fruit is from ethical sources? Our ultimate aim is that we are proud of every piece of fruit that we use. We want to buy our fruit from farms that look after both their workers and the environment. To achieve this we have created our own set of minimum standards, that detail our expectations for all the relevant social and environmental issues. We are in the process of rolling out these standards with our suppliers, and will work together with them to implement the agreed action plans. We feel that it is really important to understand the issues relevant to each country, and the pressures faced by our farmers, so we are meeting with more and more of our growers. As our fruit comes from all over the world this is a huge task, but one to which we are passionately committed. We know that there is no point recreating the wheel – so we also work with established international accreditation organizations such as the Rainforest Alliance. We first met them at a banana plantation in Costa Rica, and were so impressed with the work they do, that we now only buy banana from Rainforest Alliance approved plantations. The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity and ensure sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business practices and consumer behaviour. It not only looks at farm workers rights and wellbeing, but also protects ecosystems on the farms, which encourages bio diversity. We believe this sustainable approach is the best one. A well run farm with motivated workers means better quality fruit and better productivity, which means we get nicer fruit and the farms are more profitable. Are you going to move all your fruit to Rainforest Alliance approved sources? No, it just isn’t applicable for certain countries and certain fruits, like those that we source from the UK. But as the Rainforest Alliance expands into new certification territory, like pineapple, we’ll be keen to keep on building our relationship with them. As they develop new standards for new  fruits, we will assess their suitability for our growers. Whilst we don’t like to boast, it turns out they quite appreciate the work we do and they showed their gratitude last year with this rather fetching trophy. Outside of the world of fruit they certify all sort of things including coffee, cocoa and forestry. Find out more here: www.rainforest-alliance.org ^ back to top Why don’t you buy fairtrade fruit? We take the ethics of our supply chain incredibly seriously and took great care to find the best independent certification scheme that matched our values, and suited our needs the best. Fairtrade’s primary focus is on the prices paid to the farmers and social issues for small farms and cooperatives. It’s a great scheme but we felt that Rainforest Alliance looked at a broader spectrum of issues (both social and environmental), which we thought was a better fit with our own ethos. Also, the Fair Trade scheme predominantly certifies cooperative and and family run small holdings – not all of our fruit is available from these types of farms, so Fairtrade isn’t always applicable to our growers. Articles like this one from The Observer Food Monthly debate the key differences between Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade (this one’s about coffee). What is the innocent foundation? The innocent foundation is a grant giving charity that was set up in July 2004 with the idea of bringing nature and communities closer together for mutual benefit. innocent donate 10% of our profits each year to charity, primarily to the innocent foundation, which funds rural development projects in the countries where our fruit comes from. Find out more here. Do your drinks actually contain shiny trumpets/pebbles/cricket pavilions/small churches? No. Can I have some free drinks for my event please? We get lots and lots of requests for our drinks and as much as we’d love to help everyone out, it would just be impossible. Instead, we give any excess drinks we have to the homeless through the charity, Fareshare. You can find out a bit more about the good work they do here. Okay. But it’s for charity. Does that make any difference? Generally, we feel it’s better to be able to offer a significant amount of support to one cause rather than a little backing to lots of different ones. With that in mind, every year we donate 10% of our annual profits to the innocent foundation. Its remit is to fund Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that work to bring nature and communities closer together. You can see a bit more about the projects we support at www.innocentfoundation.org. Hope that all makes sense. I’m running a marathon/ climbing Everest/ shaving off all my chin hair for charity. Can you sponsor me please? Again, whilst we applaud anyone who gives up their time to sit in a bath of baked beans or run further than the corner shop to raise money for charity but if we sponsored everyone who wrote to us, we’d be living off beans and no toast. Instead, we make sure that we give something back to the countries where we buy our fruit, via the innocent foundation. Can I borrow your car? The clutch has gone funny, the fan belt’s shot and there are no windows. Plus I’ve forgotten where I’ve parked it. Lend us a fiver. No. 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1: Conclusion Innocent’s success has been made possible just because of effective and innovative way of marketing which they adopted. Innocent used every kind of channel, big or small in carrying out its promotion. They used every kind of that marketing strategy in which low cost was involved but its impact was high. The company updates the website and labels regularly. Innocent changed the label quite frequently to maintain the attention of its consumers Innocent made the customers loyal by doing little things but they made huge difference for them. Innocent was of the view that making their drinks easily accessible to customers is very crucial and success of the company depends on it. The innocent also arranged a free event for its customers as a means of giving thanks to its customers for using their products. Innocent always remained active in interacting with its customers. The owners of the company didn’t have much idea about how things should be done and no strategic plan was involved in making the brand name, its packaging and process of launching it but surprisingly their idea was welcomed by the consumers as it was different and something they can amuse or laugh at. Innocent dominance has been affected in 2008 after the introduction of Tropicana in the market. In April 2009, investment by Coca-Cola is seen as a wise step because as a result of decrease in sales, it was necessary to maintain the brand value. Since the company is facing severe competition from rivals such as Tropicana so funding was required to be in the competition. Coke will increase the distribution channels and give access to more markets by making customer aware of the product. Innocent’s premium positioning is a key advantage and it also has developed a strong connection with its consumers over the passage of time. Brand loyalty is good but they have to look at their prices if they want to sustain their position as people are becoming more price conscious. It is more difficult to retain the customers than to attract new customers 4.2: Recommendations Innocent drinks should closely monitor the environment and conduct market research to identify issues as consumer behaviour, competitors’ strategies which can have an impact on their brand or positioning (O’Malley, 1991). This will help the company to be proactive in their approach rather than reactive. As the market is becoming more global, there will always arise new opportunities but also threats as consumers also have access to variety of products from different countries with different tastes and nutritional values so innocent drinks must consider what their consumers want, their preferences if they want to survive and be successful in the long term. SWOT analysis has identified the threats and weaknesses which innocent should  consider and the opportunities which they should exploit by using their strengths. There are some strategies which can be adopted by innocent smoothies as market leaders. They should try to expand the market either by market penetration or by exploring new potential markets. Innocent can also try to protect their current market share which has fallen because of Tropicana by introducing new products into its line. More aggressively, they should try to increase their market share by reducing their prices which are quite high currently and by further increasing promotion. Innocent should also make good use of collaboration with the Coke as it can provide the company with lot of distribution channels. Innocent must focus on strategies which help them to attract new consumers and in retaining the existing customers. Different promotional strategies can be adopted. The company can offer discounts, free samples for new customers to try, free gifts, coupons for customer loyalty, tickets for different events etc. innocent should also ensure that its product is available in as many places as possible. They can increase the availability of products on train/bus stations, petrol pumps and a lot more health clubs. Customer satisfaction is very important because that will encourage them to buy the products of the company again and they will also become a source of advertisement by referring the companys’ product to others as well (Gilson, 1986). It is the least expensive method of advertisement and promotion. Innocent can adopt some defensive strategies against Tropicana as well. Innocent can reduce the prices in the market in which the rivals have greatest share. Secondly, it is good to have information about competitors’ move in advance so that appropriate actions can be taken. Diversification can also be done if the markets are becoming more vulnerable. The research has also shown that smoothies are not consumed in later part of the day so the company can make some drinks which are light, easy on stomach and which help the consumers in getting better sleep at night. Innocent should make use of its brand name by launching new products like ice cream. Sometimes, new products help in compensating the loss of failed products but the company must remain conscious in launching a new product because it is difficult to develop, have to carry out rigorous market research and there are also long lead time involved and if it fails, it will bring bad image to the brand and will affect the brand equity so the company must use all the processes of product development from idea generation to commercialization in order to mitigate the risks associated with new products. References Baines P., Fill C., Page K.,(2008). â€Å"Marketing†. New York: Oxford University Press, Pg 374-382 Ginden, R. (1993), â€Å"The name game†, Cheers, pp.59-62. Innocent drinks. http://www.innocentdrinks.co.uk (accessed 02/12/2009) Mintel. http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen academic/my reports/display (accessed 03/12/2009) O’Malley, D. (1991), â€Å"Brand means business†, Accountancy, 107, pp.107-8.